Abstract
Formation of highly viscous droplets and liquid bridges under the influence of electric fields is widely used in material preparation, food processing, inkjet printing and 3D (three-dimensional) printing. To investigate the formation of droplets and liquid bridges, a visual experimental platform is designed and constructed. A non-uniform electric field is constructed using a metal capillary and a copper pole plate. By varying the voltage, capillary diameter and liquid volume flow rate, the formation of silicone oil droplets and liquid bridges is investigated. The influence of electric forces to the coiling effect of viscous fluids is researched, which has not been thoroughly investigated in previous research. The results verify that at low volume flow rates and small pipe diameters, the silicone oil formation pattern is in the droplet state. As the voltage increases, the droplet formation period decreases. When the voltage is gradually increased at higher volume flow rates, the silicone oil changes from the initial liquid bridge to the droplet. This experimental phenomenon demonstrates that the electric field can alter the instability of the jet. In the case of small volume flow rates and large pipe diameter, the droplet formation state changes from droplet mode to multi-strand jet mode after the voltage is increased to a certain level. At large pipe diameters and large volume flows rates, the liquid bridge mode with a rope coiling effect occurs due to the highly viscous nature of the silicone oil, but the rope coiling effect disappears after a certain voltage is applied.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of Data and Materials
The datasets used or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Antonopoulou, E., Harlen, O.G., Rump, M., Segers, T., Walkley, M.A.: Effect of surfactants on jet break-up in drop-on-demand inkjet printing. Phys. Fluids 33, 072112 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0056803
Bateni, A., Susnar, S.S., Amirfazli, A., Neumann, A.W.: A novel methodology to study shape and surface tension of drops in electric fields. Microgravity Sci. Technol. 16, 153–157 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02945967
Demekhin, E.A., Polyanskikh, S.V.: Instability of slender liquid jet in AC electric field of arbitrary frequency. Microgravity Sci. Technol. 22, 369–375 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-010-9220-y
Habibi, M., Maleki, M., Golestanian, R., Ribe, N.M., Bonn, D.: Dynamics of liquid rope coiling. Phys. Rev. E 74, 066306 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.74.066306
Hosseini, H., Farnudi, A., Khatami, M.H., Habibi, M.: Bubble generation in liquid rope coiling. RSC Adv. 6, 105469–105475 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra23012a
Hu, L., Fang, Y., She, L., Su, R., Fu, X.: Dripping-jetting transition of liquid stream from plate-type micro-orifice affected by wetting and dewetting. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 122, 110302 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2020.110302
Hua, S., Chang, C., Liu, H., Meng, F.: Numerical and dimensional analysis for the jet buckling of highly viscous fluid. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 210, 106742 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2021.106742
Jia, B., Yu, L., Fu, F., Li, L., Zhou, J., Zhang, L.: Preparation of helical fibers from cellulose-cuprammonium solution based on liquid rope coiling. RSC Adv. 4, 9112–9117 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra47031h
Kong, B., Liu, R., Guo, J., Lu, L., Zhou, Q., Zhao, Y.: Tailoring micro/nano-fibers for biomedical applications. Bioact. Mater. 19, 328–347 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.016
Kong, Q., Yang, S., Wang, Q., Wang, Z., Dong, Q., Wang, J.: Dynamics of electrified jets in electrohydrodynamic atomization. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 29, 101725 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101725
Kwon, H.J., Li, X.L., Hong, J., Park, C.E., Jeong, Y.J., Moon, H.C., Kim, S.H.: Non-lithographic direct patterning of carbon nanomaterial electrodes via electrohydrodynamic-printed wettability patterns by polymer brush for fabrication of organic field-effect transistor. Appl. Surf. Sci. 515, 145989 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.145989
Laiva, A.L., Venugopal, J.R., Sridhar, S., Rangarajan, B., Navaneethan, B., Ramakrishna, S.: Novel and simple methodology to fabricate porous and buckled fibrous structures for biomedical applications. Polymer 55, 5837–5842 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.09.012
Li, D., Wang, T., Chen, S., Liu, Q., Xie, Y., Liu, C.: Experimental investigation on droplet deformation and breakup under uniform DC electric field. Microgravity Sci. Technol. 32, 837–845 (2020a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-020-09808-w
Li, D., Wang, T., Chen, S., Liu, Q., Xie, Y., Liu, C.: Experimental investigation on the dynamic behavior of small droplet in a uniform DC electric field. J. Electrost. 112, 103592 (2021a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2021.103592
Li, F., Ganan-Calvo, A.M., Lopez-Herrera, J.M.: Absolute-convective instability transition of low permittivity, low conductivity charged viscous liquid jets under axial electric fields. Phys. Fluids 23, 3637638 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3637638
Li, F., Ke, S.Y., Xu, S.M., Yin, X.Y., Yin, X.Z.: Radial deformation and disintegration of an electrified liquid jet. Phys. Fluids 32, 5142883 (2020b) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142883
Li, F., Yin, X.-Y., Yin, X.-Z.: Instability of a viscous coflowing jet in a radial electric field. J. Fluid Mech. 596, 285–311 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007009597
Li, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Cui, W.: Advanced electrospun hydrogel fibers for wound healing. Compos. B Eng. 223, 109101 (2021b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109101
Lopez-Herrera, J.M., Ganan-Calvo, A.M., Herrada, M.A.: Absolute to convective instability transition in charged liquid jets. Phys. Fluids 22, 3446972 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3446972
Maleki, M., Habibi, M., Golestanian, R., Ribe, N.M., Bonn, D.: Liquid rope coiling on a solid surface. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 214502 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.214502
Mestel, A.J.: Electrohydrodynamic stability of a slightly viscous jet. J. Fluid Mech. 274, 93–113 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022112094002053
Polyanskikh, S.V.E., Demekhin, E.A.: Stability of non-axisymmetric electrolyte jet in high-frequency AC electric field. Microgravity Sci. Technol. 21, 325–329 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-009-9133-9
Rathaur, R., Silvi, L.D., Ghosh, S.: Characterization of viscous Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquid rope coiling onto static and moving surface. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 143, 110837 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2022.110837
Ribe, N.M., Huppert, H.E., Hallworth, M.A., Habibi, M., Bonn, D.: Multiple coexisting states of liquid rope coiling. J. Fluid Mech. 555, 275–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022112006009153
Tan, S.M., Teoh, X.Y., Le Hwang, J., Khong, Z.P., Sejare, R., Almashhadani, A.Q., Chan, S.Y.: Electrospinning and its potential in fabricating pharmaceutical dosage form. J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol. 76, 103761 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103761
Tian, J., Ribe, N.M., Wu, X., Shum, H.C.: Steady and unsteady buckling of viscous capillary jets and liquid bridges. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 104502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.104502
Wang, Q., Wang, Z., Yang, S., Li, B., Xu, H., Yu, K., Wang, J.: Experimental study on electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) in stable cone-jet with middle viscous and low conductive liquid. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 121, 110260 (2021a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2020.110260
Wang, X., Xu, L., Zheng, G.F., Jiang, J.X., Sun, D.H., Li, W.W.: Formation of suspending beads-on-a-string structure in electrohydrodynamic printing process. Mater. Des. 204, 109692 (2021b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109692
Xia, H.H., Ismail, A., Yao, J., Stark, J.P.W.: Scaling laws for transition from varicose to whipping instabilities in electrohydrodynamic jetting. Phys. Rev. Appl. 12, 014031 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.12.014031
Xia, Y.: Electrohydrodynamic droplet injection method into model oil. AIP Adv. 9, 5121735 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5121735
Xing, C., Yi, M., Wang, G., Wang, X., Guo, F., Zhao, X., Xiao, P.: A simple approach to manufacture ceramic coils based on liquid rope coiling effect. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 100, 4977–4982 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.15076
Yang, S.Q., Wang, Z.T., Kong, Q., Li, B.: Varicose-whipping instabilities transition of an electrified micro-jet in electrohydrodynamic cone-jet regime. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 146, 103851 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2021.103851
Yu, Y., Chen, G., Guo, J., Liu, Y., Ren, J., Kong, T., Zhao, Y.: Vitamin metal-organic framework-laden microfibers from microfluidics for wound healing. Mater. Horiz. 5, 1137–1142 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8mh00647d
Zhang, Y., Chen, H., Li, J.: Recent advances on gelatin methacrylate hydrogels with controlled microstructures for tissue engineering. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 221, 91–107 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.171
Funding
The present study is supported financially by Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province-China (E2019502151) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2018MS105).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SS and TW wrote the main manuscript text. XM, ZZ and CL prepared figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Approval
Not applicable. No experiments on animal or human subjects were used for the preparation of the submitted manuscript.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Su, S., Wang, T., Ma, X. et al. Experimental Investigation on Dynamic Characteristics of Highly Viscous Droplets and Liquid Bridges Under the Influence of Electric Fields. Microgravity Sci. Technol. 36, 4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-023-10091-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-023-10091-8