Abstract
Complex network theory offers new tools to tackle controllability of systems such as processes affecting generation, extraction and acceleration of negative ions in ion beam sources. A model has therefore been developed and tested for the negative ion beam source NIO1. Preliminary results show good agreement between model predictions and experimental behaviour of the source. A subset of driver processes which in principle allow the system to be controlled has been identified. One of the driver processes related to the meniscus formation has been found to play a key role in the global controllability of the system, so that a detailed discussion of the physics behind its formation and uniformity has been provided.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Antoni V, Cavenago M, Chitarin G, Ferron NA, Pasqualotto R, Sartori E, Serianni G, Suweis S, Veltri P (2018) Particle beams as controllable complex systems: application of the network theory. Plasma Fusion Res 13:3405091. https://doi.org/10.1585/pfr.13.3405091
Boeuf JP, Fubiani G, Garrigues L (2016) Issues in the understanding of negative ion extraction for fusion. Plasma Sources Sci Technol 25:045010. https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/25/4/045010
Cavenago M et al (2009) In: Surrey E, Simonin A (eds) NIBS: proceedings of the 1st international symposium, AIP-CP 1097, p 149
Chitarin G, Kojima A, Aprile D, Agostinetti P, Barbisan M, Denizeau S, Ichikawa M, Hiratsuka J, Kashiwagi M, Marconato N, Pimazzoni A, Sartori E, Serianni G, Veltri P, Yoshida M (2019) Improving a negative ion accelerator for next generation of neutral beam injectors: Results of QST-Consorzio RFX collaborative experiments. Fusion Eng Des. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.01.081
Fubiani G, Garrigues L, Hagelaar G, Kohen N, Boeuf JP (2017) Modeling of plasma transport and negative ion extraction in a magnetized radio-frequency plasma source. New J Phys 19:015002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/19/1/015002
Hopcroft JE, Karp RM (1973) An n5/2 algorithm for maximum matchings in bipartite graphs. SIAM J Comput 2(4):225–231
Kálmán RE (1963) Mathematical description of linear dynamical systems. J SIAM Control A 1(2):152–192
Lin CT (1974) Structural controllability. IEEE Trans Autom Control 19(3):201–208. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100557
Liu YY, Slotine JJ (2016) Control principles of complex systems. Rev Mod Phys 88:035006. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.88.035006
Liu YY, Slotine JJ, Barabási AL (2011) Controllability of complex networks. Nature 473:167–173
Taccogna F, Minelli P (2017) PIC modeling of negative ion sources for fusion. New J Phys 19:015012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aa5305
Taccogna F, Minelli P, Diomede D, Longo S, Capitelli M, Schneider R (2011) Particle modelling of the hybrid negative ion source. Plasma Sources Sci Technol 20:024009. https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/20/2/024009
Tskhakaya D, Matyash K, Schneider R, Taccogna F (2007) The particle-in-cell method. Contrib Plasma Phys 47:563594. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.200710072
Tsumori K, Wada M (2017) Diagnostics tools and methods for negative ion source plasmas, a review. New J Phys 19:045002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aa6927
Uno T (1997) Algorithms for enumerating all perfect, maximum and maximal matchings in bipartite graphs. In: Algorithms and computation: proceedings of 8th international symposium, ISAAC ‘97 Singapore, pp 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-63890-3_11
Veltri P, Sartori E, Agostinetti P, Aprile D, Brombin M, Chitarin G, Fonnesu N, Ikeda K, Kisaki M, Nakano H, Pimazzoni A, Tsumori K, Serianni G (2017) Ion beam transport: modelling and experimental measurements on a large negative ion source in view of the ITER heating neutral beam. Nucl Fusion 57:016025. https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/57/1/016025
Zhang X, Lv T, Yang XY, Zhang B (2014) Structural controllability of complex networks based on preferential matching. PLoS One 9(11):e112039. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112039
Zhang X, Han J, Zhang W (2017) An efficient algorithm for finding all possible input nodes for controlling complex networks. Sci Rep 7:10677
Zhao C, Wang WX, Liu YY, Slotine JJ (2015) Intrinsic dynamics induce global symmetry in network controllability. Sci Rep 5:8422
Acknowledgements
The research leading to these results has received funding from F4E under the Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) Project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The corresponding author on behalf of the authors states that there is no conflict of interest concerning the contents of the work.
Ethical standards
The manuscript complies to the ethical rules applicable for this journal.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Antoni, V., Taccogna, F., Agostinetti, P. et al. Negative ion beam source as a complex system: identification of main processes and key interdependence. Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei 30, 277–285 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-019-00798-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-019-00798-5