Abstract
The present study aims to assess the phenology, biomass, chemical composition and nutritional value of Potamogeton crispus L. in the water courses of Nile Delta, Egypt. The sampling process was carried out seasonally using 60 quadrats each of 1 × 1 m distributed along 13 irrigation and two drainage canals in 5 locations of the area under study. Growth of P. crispus was markedly seasonal, starting in autumn and reaching the maximum phytomass yield in spring (400 g DM m−2). The mean biomass of the drainage canals (238 g DM m−2) was significantly lower than that of the irrigation canals (399 g DM m−2). The concentrations of P, Ca, Mg and Na in P. crispus were highest at the beginning of the growing season (autumn) and decreased throughout the population growth, while Mn and Cu showed the opposite trend. In addition, the concentrations of Mg, Pb and Zn in this plant in the drainage canals were significantly higher than those in the irrigation canals. The nutritive values of P. crispus are within the range of feed nutritive value for sheep, goat, dairy and beef cattle. P. crispus could be considered as a nutrients and heavy metals remover for wastewater treatment if it is harvested during its peak of biomass production. As feed supplement for animals and waterfowl, this plant could be considered excellent because of its high levels of total carbohydrate, total protein, digestible crude protein, total digestible nutrients and the lower crude fibre contents, provided that the concentration of heavy metals is not above the nutritional thresholds.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adesogan AT, Givens DI, Owen E (2000) Measuring chemical composition and nutritive value in forages. In: t’Mannetje L, Jones RM (eds) Field and laboratory methods for grassland and animal production research. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp 263–278
Alalade OA, Iyayi EA (2006) Chemical composition and the feeding value of Azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal for egg-type chicks. Int J Poult Sci 5:137–141
Alex JF, Cayouette R, Mulligan GA (1992) Common and botanical names of weeds in Canada. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Ottawa
Ali MB, Tripathi RD, Rai UN, Pal A, Singh SP (1999) Physico-chemical characteristics and pollution level of Lake Nainital (UP, India): role of macrophytes and phytoplankton in biomonitoring and phytoremediation of toxic metal ions. Chemosphere 39:2171–2182
Allen SE (1989) Chemical analysis of ecological materials. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London
Allenby KG (1981) Some analyses of aquatic plants and their waters. Hydrobiologia 77:177–189
APHA (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington DC
Bolduan BR, Van Eeckhout GC, Quade HW, Gannon JE (1994) Potamogeton crispus—the other invader. Lake Reserv Manage 10:113–125
Bonanno G, Lo Giudice R (2010) Heavy metal bioaccumulation by the organs of Phragmites australis (common reed) and their potential use as contamination indicators. Ecol Ind 10:639–645
Boudet G, Riviere R (1968) Emploi pratique des analyses fourragères pour l’appréciation des pâturages tropicaux. Rev Elev Med Vet Pay 2:227–266
Boulos L (2005) Flora of Egypt: (Monocotyledons), vol 4. Al-Hadara Publishing, Cairo
Boulos L (2009) Flora of Egypt checklist. Al-Hadara Publishing, Cairo
Boyd CE (1968) Fresh-water plants: a potential source of protein. Econ Bot 22:359–368
Catling PM, Dobson I (1985) The biology of Canadian weeds. 69. Potamogeton crispus L. Can J Plant Sci 65:655–668
Chauhan TR, Gill RS, Ichhponani JS (1980) Nutritive value of berseem and clusterbean forages. Indian J Anim Sci 50:1052–1055
Costa ML, Santos MCR, Carrapico F (1999) Biomass characterization of Azolla filiculoides grown in natural ecosystems and wastewater. Hydrobiologia 415:323–327
Cypert E (1967) The curly-leaved pondweed problem at Reelfoot Lake. J Tennessee Acad Sci 42:10–11
Demarquilly C, Weiss P (1970) Tableau de la valeur alimentaire des fourrages. Versailles INRA-SEI, Paris
Eid EM, Shaltout KH, Al-Sodany YM, Jensen K (2010a) Effects of abiotic conditions on Phragmites australis along geographic gradients in Lake Burullus, Egypt. Aquat Bot 92:86–92
Eid EM, Shaltout KH, Al-Sodany YM, Soetaert K, Jensen K (2010b) Modeling growth, carbon allocation and nutrient budget of Phragmites australis in Lake Burullus, Egypt. Wetlands 30:240–251
Eid EM, Shaltout KH, Asaeda T (2012) Modeling growth dynamics of Typha domingensis (Pers.) Poir. ex Steud. in Lake Burullus, Egypt. Ecol Mod 243:63–72
Eid EM, Shaltout KH, Asaeda T (2013) Growth dynamics of Potamogeton pectinatus L. in Lake Burullus, Egypt: a modelling approach. Afr J Ecol 52:414–426
EMA (Egyptian Meteorological Authority) (1980) Climatic normals for the Arab Republic of Egypt up to 1975. Ministry of Civil Aviation, Meteorological Authority, General Organization for Governmental Printing Offices, Cairo
Garrett WN (1980) Energy utilization of growing cattle as determined in seventy-two comparative slaughter experiments. In: Mount LE (ed) Energy metabolism. Studies in the agricultural and food sciences. Butterworths, London, pp 3–7
Gopalaswamy G, Kannaiyan S (2000) Influence of seasonal factors on the growth and biomass production of Azolla hybrids. Indian J Agr Sci 70:691–693
Hellquist CB (1980) Correlation of alkalinity and the distribution of Potamogeton in New England. Rhodora 82:331–344
Hilt S (2006) Recovery of Potamogeton pectinatus L. stands in a shallow eutrophic lake under extreme grazing pressure. Hydrobiologia 570:95–99
Khattab AF, El-Gharably ZA (1984) The problem of aquatic weeds in Egypt and methods of management. In: Proceedings 3rd symposium on weed problems in the Mediterranean area, Portugal, pp 335–344
Kunii H (1982) Life cycle and growth of Potamogeton crispus L. in a shallow pond, Ojaga-ik. Bot Mag, Tokyo 95:109–124
Kunii H (1989) Continuous growth and clump maintenance of Potamogeton crispus L. in Narutoh River, Japan. Aquat Bot 33:13–26
Le Houérou HN (1980) Chemical composition and nutritive value of browse in tropical West Africa. In: Le Houérou HN (ed) Browse in Africa. ILCA, Addis Ababa, pp 261–289
Li Q (2012) Influence of silts on the growth, reproduction and chlorophyll fluorescence of Potamogeton crispus in turbid water. Russ J Ecol 43:122–130
Lin YX, Zhang XM (1990) Accumulation of heavy metals and the variation of amino acids and protein in Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in the Dianchi Lake. Oceanol Limnol Sin 21:179–184
Lukiwati DR, Ristiarso P, Wahyuni HI (2008) Azolla microphylla as protein source for rabbits. MEKARN Workshop: Organic rabbit production from forages. Cantho University, Cantho City
Naga MA, El-Shazly K (1971) The prediction of the nutritive value of animal feeds from chemical analysis. J Agr Sci 77:25–31
Nichols SA, Shaw BH (1986) Ecological life histories of the three aquatic nuisance plants, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton crispus and Elodea canadensis. Hydrobiologia 131:3–21
NRC (1975) Nutrient requirements of domestic animals: nutrient requirement of sheep, 5th edn. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC
NRC (1978) Nutrient requirements of domestic animals: nutrient requirement of dairy cattle, 5th edn. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC
NRC (1981) Nutrient requirements of domestic animals: nutrient requirement of goats. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC
NRC (1984) Nutrient requirements of domestic animals: nutrient requirement of beef cattle, 6th edn. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC
NRC (1985) Nutrient requirements of domestic animals: nutrient requirement of sheep, 6th edn. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC
Obrador B, Pretus JL, Menendez M (2007) Spatial distribution and biomass of aquatic rooted macrophytes and their relevance in the metabolism of a Mediterranean coastal lagoon. Sci Mar 71:57–64
Pandit AK (1984) Role of macrophytes in aquatic ecosystems and management of freshwater resources. J Environ Manage 18:73–88
Peverly JH (1985) Elements accumulation and release by macrophytes in a wetland stream. J Environ Qual 14:137–143
Rawlence DJ, Whitton JS (1977) Elements in aquatic macrophytes, water, plankton, and sediments surveyed in three North Island Lakes. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 11:73–93
Riemer DN, Toth SJ (1969) A survey of the chemical composition of Potamogeton and Myriophyllum in New Jersey. Weed Sci 17:219–223
Rogers KH, Breen CM (1980) Growth and reproduction of Potamogeton crispus in a South African lake. J Ecol 68:561–571
Sandsten H, Beklioglu M, Ince O (2005) Effects of waterfowl, large fish and periphyton on the spring growth of Potamogeton pectinatus L. in Lake Mogan, Turkey. Hydrobiologia 537:239–248
Shaltout KH, Galal TM, El-Komi TM (2010) Evaluation of the nutrient status of some hydrophytes in the water courses of Nile Delta. Ecol Mediterr 36:77–87
Shaltout KH, El-Komi TM, Eid EM (2012) Seasonal variation in the phytomass, chemical composition and nutritional value of Azolla filiculoides Lam. along the water courses in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Feddes Repert 123:37–49
Shardendu, Ambasht RS (1991) Relationship of nutrients in water with biomass and nutrient accumulation of submerged macrophytes of a tropical wetland. New Phytol 117:493–500
Shen Q, Zhou Q, Shang J, Shao S, Zhang L, Fan C (2014) Beyond hypoxia: occurrence and characteristics of black blooms due to the decomposition of the submerged plant Potamogeton crispus in a shallow lake. J Environ Sci 26:281–288
Shoukry MM (1992) An actual vision about the availability of the utilization of water hyacinth in feeding ruminants. National symposium on water hyacinth. Assiut University, Assiut, pp 75–92 in Arabic
Simpson ND (1932) A report on the weed flora of the irrigation channels in Egypt. Ministry of Public Works, Governmental Press, Cairo
Sinha AB, Srivastava YN (1973) Unusual formation of winter apices of Potamogeton crispus L. during summer season. Curr Sci 42:698
Sivaci A, Elmas E, Gümüs F, Sivaci ER (2008) Removal of cadmium by Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. and Potamogeton crispus L. and its effect on pigments and total phenolic compounds. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 54:612–618
Soliman SM, El-Shazly K (1978) Increasing the productivity per feddan from total digestible nutrients. Alex J Agr Res 26:551–556
Statsoft (2007) Statistica version 7.1. Statsoft Inc, Tulsa
Stuckey RL (1979) Distribution history of Potamogeton crispus (curly pondweed) in North America. Bartonia 46:22–42
Täckholm V (1974) Students’ flora of Egypt, 2nd edn. Cairo University Press, Cairo
Tobiessen P, Swart J, Benjamin S (1992) Dredging to control curly-leaves pondweed: a decade later. J Aquat Plant Manage 30:71–72
Toma C (2005) Reproduction of curled pondweed (Potamogeton crispus L.) in Vesijärvi Lake (Finland). Limnol Rev 5:231–236
UNESCO (1977) Map of the world distribution of arid regions. MAB Technical Notes, Paris
Wang L, Yang T, Zhu D, Xu J, Nie Z, Yang G (2012) Changes in propagule formation and plant growth in Potamogeton crispus induced by exogenous application of gibberellic acid (GA3) and 6-benzyladenine (6-BA). Aquat Biol 15:35–45
Wang L, Yang T, Zhu D, Hamilton D, Nie Z, Liu L, Wan X, Zhu C (2013) Growth and turion formation of Potamogeton crispus in response to different phosphorus concentrations in water. Aquat Ecol 47:87–97
Wehrmeister JR (1978) An ecological life history of the pondweed Potamogeton crispus L. in North America. Dissertation, University of Ohio State, Ohio
Woolf TE, Madsen JD (2003) Seasonal biomass and carbohydrate allocation patterns in Southern Minnesota curly leaf pondweed populations. J Aquat Plant Manage 41:113–118
Xie D, Yu D, Xia C, You W (2014) Stay dormant or escape sprouting? Turion buoyancy and sprouting abilities of the submerged macrophyte Potamogeton crispus L. Hydribiologia 726:43–51
Zahran MA, Willis AJ (2003) Plant life in the River Nile in Egypt. Mars Publishing House, Riyadh
Acknowledgments
We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments on an earlier version, and Dr. Amir H.Y. Salama, Department of English, Faculty of Arts, Kafr El-Sheikh University, for proofreading the original script.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shaltout, K.H., Eid, E.M. & El-Komi, T.M. Phytomass and nutrient value of Potamogeton crispus L. in the water courses of Nile Delta, Egypt. Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei 27, 251–259 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-015-0470-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-015-0470-x