Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the potential of extreme scores on the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Self-Report Version (BRIEF-A-SR) to serve as validity indicators. The BRIEF-A-SR was administered to 73 university students and 50 clinically referred adults. In the student sample, symptom validity was operationalized as the outcome on the Inventory of Problems (IOP-29). In the patient sample, performance validity was operationalized as the outcome on a combination of free-standing and embedded indicators. The BRIEF-A-SR had better classification accuracy in the student sample (.13–.56 sensitivity at .88–.95 specificity) compared with the patient sample (.22–.44 sensitivity at .85–.97 specificity). Combining individual cutoffs into a multivariate model improved specificity (.93) and stabilized sensitivity (.33) in the clinical sample. Failing the newly introduced cutoffs (T ≥ 65/T ≥ 80 in the student sample and T ≥ 80/T ≥ 90 in the clinical sample) was associated with failure on performance validity tests and elevations on other symptom inventories. Results provide preliminary support for an alternative method for establishing the credibility of symptom reports both within the BRIEF-A-SR and other inventories. Pending replication by future research, the newly proposed cutoffs could provide a much needed psychometric safeguard against over-diagnosing neuropsychiatric disorders due to undetected symptom exaggeration.
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Appendix. Instructions for experimental malingering
Appendix. Instructions for experimental malingering
Imagine that you were in a car accident in which another driver hit your car. You were knocked unconscious, and woke up in the hospital. The doctors told you that you had some bleeding in your brain after the accident. Because the other driver is at fault, you have decided to take legal action against them. Your lawyer said that you may get more money if you look like you have sustained significant injuries because of the accident. You have decided to fake or exaggerate symptoms to appear more impaired than you really are to increase the settlement you will receive.
The other driver’s lawyer requires you to complete psychological testing to verify your symptoms. You know you can be awarded more money if you convince the examiner that you are experiencing significant neuropsychiatric symptoms after the accident. However, if the examiner detects that you are faking, you are likely to lose the lawsuit.
You are about to complete a series of self-report measures that might be used in such a situation, which are designed to measure your level of psychological distress and/or cognitive deficits. This is an opportunity for you to endorse symptoms and deficits that you may not have in reality, but could help you win the lawsuit. It is important that you answer the items in a way that you appear impaired, but in a believable way, such that your examiner cannot tell that you are faking.
We recognize that participants may feel uncomfortable being asked to answer questions inaccurately or to deceive someone, and this may cause mild discomfort, but this is an important feature of the study that will be explained further in the letter of explanation at the end. If you do not want to continue the study, you are free to click “exit survey.”
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Abeare, K., Razvi, P., Sirianni, C.D. et al. Introducing Alternative Validity Cutoffs to Improve the Detection of Non-credible Symptom Report on the BRIEF. Psychol. Inj. and Law 14, 2–16 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-021-09402-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-021-09402-4