Notes
I report this example here to illustrate the retrieval process. Since it was not corroborated, it cannot be assessed for accuracy.
References
Ackerman, M. J. & Kane, A. W. (2011). Psychological experts in divorce actions (5th ed.). New York, NY: Aspen Law & Business.
Alexander, K. W., Quas, J. A., Goodman, G. S., Ghetti, S., Edelstein, R. S., Redlich, A. D...., Jones, D. P. H. (2005). Traumatic impact predicts long-term memory for documented child sexual abuse. Psychological Science, 16(1), 33–40.
Alison, L., Kebbell, M. & Lewis, P. (2006). Considerations for experts in assessing the credibility of recovered memories of child sexual abuse: The importance of maintaining a case-specific focus. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 12(4), 419–441.
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Bahrick, H. P. & Phelps, E. (1988). The maintenance of marginal knowledge. In U. Neisser & E. Winograd (Eds.), Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches to the study of memory. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Barclay, C. R. (1995). Autobiographical remembering: Narrative constraints on objectified selves. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Barsalou, L. W. (1988). The content and organization of autobiographical memories. In U. Neisser & E. Winograd (Eds.), Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches to the study of memory. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Bass, E. & Davis, L. (1988). The courage to heal: Women healing from child sexual abuse. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Brewin, C. R. (2007). Autobiographical memory for trauma: Update on four controversies. Memory, 15(3), 227–248.
Brewin, C. R. (2009). Recovered memories and false memories. In M. G. Gelder, N. C. Andreasen, J. J. Lopez-Ibor & J. R. Geddes (Eds.), New Oxford textbook of psychiatry (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brown, D., Scheflin, A. W. & Hammond, D. C. (1998). Memory, trauma treatment, and the law. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
Bryant, R. A., Brooks, R., Silove, D., Creamer, M., O’Donnell, M., McFarlane, A. C. & Marmar, C. R. (2009). The latent structure of the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(1), 69–73.
Cheit, R. E. & Jaros, C. (2002). Beyond memory: Child sexual abuse and the statute of limitations. In M. Minow (Ed.), Breaking the cycles of hatred: Memory, law and repair. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Connolly & Reed (2006). HCSA/Canadian study. Law and Human Behavior, 30(4), 409–434.
Conway, M. A. (1995). Autobiographical knowledge and autobiographical memories. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Conway, M. A. (1997). Past and present: Recovered memories and false memories. In M. A. Conway (Ed.), Recovered memories and false memories. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Courtois, C. (1995). Assessment and diagnosis. In C. Classen & I. D. Yalom (Eds.), Treating women molested in childhood. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Curtis, R. C. (2012). New experiences and meanings: A model of change for psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 29(1), 81–98.
Dalenberg, C. (2006). Recovered memory and the Daubert criteria: Recovered memory as professionally tested, peer reviewed, and accepted in the relevant scientific community. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 7, 274–310.
Dalenberg, C. J. (1996). Accuracy, timing and circumstances of disclosure in therapy of recovered and continuous memories of abuse. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 24(2), 229–275. Summer.
Dalgleish, T. (2004). Cognitive approaches to posttraumatic stress disorder: The evolution of multirepresentational theorizing. Psychological Bulletin, 130(2), 228–260.
DeGloma, T. (2007). The social logic of “false memories”: Symbolic awakenings and symbolic worlds in survivor and retractor narratives. Symbolic Interaction, 30(4), 543–565.
Feldman-Summers, S. & Pope, S. K. (1994). The experience of “forgetting” childhood abuse: A national survey of psychologists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 636–639.
Fivush, R. & Edwards, V. J. (2004). Remembering and forgetting childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 13(2), 1–19.
Frawley-O’Dea, M. G. (2007a). Perversion of power: Sexual abuse in the Catholic Church. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
Frawley-O’Dea, M. G. (2007b). Preface: From the Bayou to Boston: History of a scandal. In M. G. Frawley-O’Dea & V. Goldner (Eds.), Predatory priests, silenced victims: The sexual abuse crisis and the Catholic Church. New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Freyd, J. J. (2003). Memory for abuse: What can we learn from a prosecution sample? Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 12(2), 97–103.
Geraerts, E., Arnold, M. M., Lindsay, D. S., Merckelbach, H., Jelicic, M. & Hauer, B. (2006). Forgetting of prior remembering in persons reporting recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Science, 17I(11), 1002–1008.
Geraerts, E., Lindsay, D. S., Merckelbach, H., Jelicic, M., Raymaekers, L., Arnold, M. M. & Schooler, J. W. (2008a). Cognitive mechanisms underlying recovered-memory experiences of childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Science, III(II), 1–7.
Geraerts, E. & McNally, R. (2008). Assessment of recovered and false memories. In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Geraerts, E., Raymaekers & Merckelbach, H. (2008b). Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse; Current findings and their legal implications. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 13, 165–176.
Geraerts, E., Raymaekers & Merckelbach, H. (2010). Mechanisms underlying recovered memories. In G. M. Davies & D. B. Wright (Eds.), Current issues in applied memory research. New York, NY: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis.
Geraerts, E., Schooler, J. W., Merckelbach, J., Hauer, B. J. A. & Ambadar, Z. (2007). The reality of recovered memories. Psychological Science, 18(7), 564–568.
Ghetti, S., Edelstein, R. S., Goodman, G. S., Cordon, I. M., Quas, J. A., Alexander, K. W., Redlich, A. D. & Jones, D. P. H. (2006). What can subjective forgetting tell us about memory for childhood trauma? Memory & Cognition, 34(4), 1011–1025.
Ginot, E. (2012). Self-narratives and dysregulated affective states: The neuropsychological links between self-narratives, attachment, affect, and cognition. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 29(1), 59–80.
Goodman, G. S., Ghetti, S., Quas, J. A., Edelstein, R. S., Alexander, K. W., Redlich, A. D., Cordon, J. M. & Jones, D. P. H. (2003). A prospective study of memory for child sexual abuse: New findings relevant to the repressed-memory debate. Psychological Science, 14, 113–118.
Goodman, G. S. & Paz-Alonso, P. M. (2006). Trauma and memory: Normal versus special memory mechanisms. In R. Uttl, N. Ohta & A. Sigelthaler (Eds.), Emotion and memory. London: Blackwell.
Greenhoot, A. F. & Tsethlikai (2009). Repressed and recovered memories during childhood and adolescence. In K. Kuehnle & M. Connell (Eds.), The evaluation of child sexual abuse allegations: A comprehensive guide to assessment and testimony. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Herman, J. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence—from domestic abuse to political terror. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Herman, J. (1993). A stage-by-dimension model of recovery from sexual trauma. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8(3), 378–391.
Herman, J. L. & Schatzow, E. (1987). Recovery and verification of memories of childhood sexual trauma. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 4(1), 1–14.
Hopper, J. W. & van der Kolk, B. A. (2001). Retrieving, assessing, and classifying traumatic memories: A preliminary report on three case studies of a new standardized method. In J. J. Freyd & A. P. DePrince (Eds.), Trauma and cognitive science. New York, NY: Haworth Press.
Horowitz, M. J., Markman, H. C., Stinson, C. H., Fridhandler, B. & Ghannam, J. H. (1995). A classification theory of defense. In J. L. Singer (Ed.), Repression and dissociation: Implications for personality theory, psychopathology, and health. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Horowitz, M. J. & Reidbord, S. P. (1992). Memory, emotion, and response to trauma. In S.-A. Christianson (Ed.), The handbook of emotion and memory: Research and theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hovdestad, W. E. & Kristiansen, C. M. (1996). A field study of “False Memory Syndrome”: Construct validity and incidence. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 24, 299–338. Summer.
Kane, A. W. & Dvoskin, J. A. (2011). Evaluation for personal injury claims. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Kitzinger, J. (2010). Transformations of public and private knowledge: Audience reception, feminism and the experience of childhood sexual abuse. In J. Haaken & P. Reavey (Eds.), Memory matters: Contexts for understanding sexual abuse recollections. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
Lindsay, D. S. & Briere, J. (1997). The controversy regarding recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: Pitfalls, bridges, and future directions. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12(5), 631–647.
Lindsay, D. S. & Read, J. D. (1995). “Memory work” and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: Scientific evidence, and public, professional, and personal issues. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1, 846–908.
Loftus, E. F., Polonsky, S. & Fullilove, M. T. (1994). Memories of childhood sexual abuse: Remembering and repressing. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 67–84.
McNally, R. J. (2005). Remembering trauma. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
McNally, R. J., Clancy, S. A., Schacter, D. L. & Pittman, R. K. (2000). Personality profiles, dissociation, and absorption in women reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 1033–1037.
McNally, R. J., Perlman, C. A., Ristuccia, C. S. & Clancy, S. A. (2006). Clinical characteristics of adults reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(2), 237–242.
Mechanic, M. B., Resick, P. A. & Griffin, M. G. (1998). A comparison of normal forgetting, psychopathology, and information-processing models of reported amnesia for recent sexual trauma. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 948–957.
Milchman, M. S. (2008). Does psychotherapy recover or invent child sexual abuse memories? A case history. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 17(1), 20–37.
Neisser, U. (1986). Nested structure in autobiographical memory. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory. Cambridge, MA: University of Cambridge Press.
Nelson, E. L., & Simpson, P. (1994). First glimpse: An initial examination of subjects who have rejected their recovered visualizations as false memories. IPT Journal, 6, 1–14. Retrieved February 3, 2012, from http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume6/j63-1.htm
Oakes, M. A. & Hyman, I. E., Jr. (2001). The role of the self in false memory creation. In J. J. Freyd & A. P. DePrince (Eds.), Trauma and cognitive science. New York, NY: Haworth Press.
Olio, K. A. (1996). Are 25 % of clinicians using potentially risky therapeutic practices? A review of the logic and methodology of the Poole, Lindsay et al. study. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 24, 277–298. Summer.
Ornstein, P. A., Ceci, S. J. & Loftus, E. F. (1998). Adult recollections of childhood abuse: Cognitive and developmental perspectives. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 4(4), 1025–1051.
Ost, J. (2009). Recovered memories. In R. Bull, T. Valentine & T. Williamson (Eds.), Handbook of psychology of investigative interviewing: Current developments and future directions. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Pezdek, K., Blandon-Gitlin, I. & Gabbay, P. (2006). Imagination and memory: Does imagining implausible events lead to false autobiographical memories? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13(5), 764–769.
Pezdek, K. & Lam, S. (2007). What research paradigms have cognitive psychologists used to study “False memory”, and what are the implications of these choices? Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 2–17.
Pezdek, K. & Roe, C. (1996). Memory for childhood events: How suggestible is it? In K. Pezdek & W. P. Banks (Eds.), The recovered memory/false memory debate. New York, NY: Academic.
Pezdek, K. & Taylor, J. (2000). Discriminating Between Accounts of True and False Events. In D. F. Bjorklund (Ed.), False-memory creation in children and adults: Theory, research, and implications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Phillips v. Gelpke. 382 N.J. Super, 505 (App. Div. 2006); Syllabus A-1-2006; overturned 187 N.J. 79 (2007).
Piper, A., Lillevik, L. & Kritzer, R. (2008). What’s wrong with believing in repression? A review for legal professionals. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 14(3), 223–242.
Poole, D. A., Lindsay, D. S., Memon, A. & Bull, R. (1995). Psychotherapy and the recovery of memories of childhood sexual abuse: U.S. and British practitioners’ opinions, practices, and experiences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 426–437.
Pope, K. S. & Brown, L. S. (1996). Recovered memories of abuse. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Porter, S. & Birt, A. R. (2001). Is traumatic memory special? A comparison of traumatic memory characteristics with memory for other emotional life experiences. Applied Cognitive Psychology, Special Issue: Trauma, Stress, and Autobiographical Memory, 15(7), S101–S117.
Ramona v. Isabella. C 61898, Napa, Cal. Super. Ct. (1995).
Reagan, R. T. (1999). Scientific consensus on memory repression and recovery. 51 Rutgers Law Review.
Roe, C. M. & Schwartz, M. F. (1996). Characteristics of previously forgotten memories of sexual abuse: A descriptive study. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 24, 189–206. Summer.
Rofe, Y. (2008). Does repression exist? Memory, pathogenic, unconscious and clinical evidence. Review of General Psychology, 12(1), 63–85.
Rubin, D. C., Berntsen, D. & Bohni, M. K. (2008). A memory-based model of posttraumatic stress disorder: Evaluating basic assumptions underlying the PTSD diagnosis. Psychological Review, 115(4), 985–1011.
Schacter, D. L. (1996). Searching for memory: The brain, the mind, and the past. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Schooler, J. W., Bendiksen, M. & Ambadar, Z. (1997). Taking the middle line: can we accommodate both fabricated and recovered memories of sexual abuse? In M. A. Conway (Ed.), Recovered memories and false memories. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Smeets, T., Merckelbach, Horselenberg, R. & Jelicic (2005). Trying to recollect past events: Confidence, beliefs, and memories. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 917–934.
Spence, D. (1988). Passive remembering. In U. Neisser & E. Winograd (Eds.), Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches to the study of memory. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Terr, L. (1994). Unchained memories: True stories of traumatic memories, lost and found. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Tsai, A. C., Morsbach, S. K. & Loftus, E. F. (2004). In search of recovered memories. In W. O’Donohue & E. Levensky (Eds.), Handbook of forensic psychology. New York, NY: Elsevier.
van der Kolk, B. A., Hopper, J. W. & Osterman (2001). Exploring the nature of traumatic memory: Combining clinical knowledge with laboratory methods. In J. J. Freyd & A. P. DePrince (Eds.), Trauma and cognitive science: A meeting of minds, science, and human experience. New York, NY: Haworth Press.
van Giezen, A. E., Arensman, E., Spinhoven, P. & Wolters, G. (2005). Consistency of memory for emotionally arousing events: A review of prospective and experimental studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(7), 935–953.
Wessel, I., Merckelbach, H. & Dekkers, T. (2002). Autobiographical memory specificity, intrusive memory, and general memory skills in Dutch-Indonesian survivors of the World War II era. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(3), 227–234.
Williams, L. (1995). Recovered memories of abuse in women with documented child sexual victimization histories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(4), 649–673.
Woodwiss, J. (2010). ‘Alternative memories’ and the construction of a sexual abuse narrative. In J. Haaken & P. Reavey (Eds.), Memory matters: Contexts for understanding sexual abuse recollections. NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
Yovell, Y., Bannett, Y. & Shalev, A. (2003). Amnesia for traumatic events among recent survivors: A pilot study. CNS Spectrums, 8, 676–685.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Milchman, M.S. From Traumatic Memory to Traumatized Remembering: Beyond the Memory Wars, Part 2: Disagreement. Psychol. Inj. and Law 5, 51–62 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-012-9123-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-012-9123-x