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Evaluation of lubricating-oil performance and emissions with lubricant formulations using ZDDP as the selected additive in GDI engines: a simultaneous study of VOCs and soot in oil

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Abstract

This study investigated the effect of different antiwear additives on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM) characteristics based on a gasoline direct injection engine with a 0W-40 fully- synthetic oil. We focused on benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) for the VOC study and soot-in-oil for the PM study. In addition to the BTEX emission results, BTEX in lube oil was measured to determine its relationship to the soot-in-oil mass concentration. The soot in crankcase oils was analyzed via three different tests corresponding to its antiwear additives (oil-A, oil-B, oil-C), and the analysis was implemented using the DLS technique to identify particle sizes and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Our results indicate that particles in lubricating oil exhibited a bimodal size distribution as measured by DLS. The characterization of oil viscosity was also investigated. Oil-B (ZDDP addition) showed the best performances in terms of the brake specific fuel consumption. However, oil-B had the shortcomings in BTEX reduction compared to oil-C.

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Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to Joonsuk Kim, Ph.D., who kindly presented his opinions and discussions in this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea

    Yoonkyung Kang

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Correspondence to Yoonkyung Kang.

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Yoonkyung Kang is a Ph.D. Candidate at the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Korea Univ. Korea. He is currently a General Director at SPORTEX Inc., 171 Wonseo-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. His research fields are internal combustion engine (ICE) and lubricating- oil performances.

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Kang, Y. Evaluation of lubricating-oil performance and emissions with lubricant formulations using ZDDP as the selected additive in GDI engines: a simultaneous study of VOCs and soot in oil. J Mech Sci Technol 35, 5197–5212 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-021-1037-7

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