Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Comparative study of the microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheets under quasi-static and high-velocity bulging

  • Published:
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In order to reveal the high-velocity deformation mechanisms of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheets, the dynamic deformation behavior and the microstructure evolutions were compared with those under quasi-static case employing Scanning electron microscopy/Electron back-scattered diffraction (SEM/EBSD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated that the distribution of microhardness was uneven. The cause was determined to be the non-uniform material flow and dynamic loading. The grain sizes of the Ti- 6Al-4V titanium alloy sheet were nearly the same under two conditions, but the grains were elongated under the dynamic loading compared with that observed in quasi-static forming. In high-velocity bulging, dislocation slip was the principle mechanism of plastic deformation of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy when deformation was small. As the strain increased, the twinning phenomenon was activated in addition to the dislocation cell structure. The twinning plane was determined to be the (10 11) plane.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. G. Lütjering and J. C. Williams, Titanium, Springer (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  2. P. G. Partridge, The crystallography and deformation modes of hexagonal close-packed metals, Int. Mater Rev., 12 (1967) 169–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. M. H. Yoo, Slip, twinning, and fracture in hexagonal closepacked metals, Metall. Trans. A, 12 (1981) 409–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. J. W. Christian and S. Mahajan, Deformation twinning, Prog. Mater Sci., 39 (1995) 1–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. A. J. Wagoner, C. W. Bull, K. S. Kumar and C. L. Briant, The influence of microstructure and strain rate on the compressive deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 34 (2003) 295–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. P. Follansbee and G. Gray, An analysis of the low temperature, low and high strain-rate deformation of Ti-6Al-4V, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 20 (1989) 863–874.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. G. G. Yapici, I. Karaman and Z. P. Luo, Mechanical twinning and texture evolution in severely deformed Ti-6Al-4V at high temperatures, Acta Mater, 54 (2006) 3755–3771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. G. Lèutjering and J. C. Williams, Titanium, Springer Verlag (2003).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  9. Y. H. Lin, S. M. Wu, F. H. Kao, S. H. Wang, J. R. Yang, C. C. Yang and C. S. Chiou, Microtwin formation in the a phase of duplex titanium alloys affected by strain rate, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528 (2011) 2271–2276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. S. Zaefferer, A study of active deformation systems in titanium alloys: dependence on alloy composition and correlation with deformation texture, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 344 (2003) 20–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. D. G. L. Prakash, R. Ding, R. J. Moat, I. Jones, P. J. Withers, J. Q. Fonseca and M. Preuss, Deformation twinning in Ti-6Al-4V during low strain rate deformation to moderate strains at room temperature, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 527 (2010) 5734–5744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. I. Karaman, G. G. Yapici, Y. I. Chumlyakov and I. V. Kireeva, Deformation twinning in difficult-to-work alloys during severe plastic deformation, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 410-411 (2005) 243–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. M. H. Yoo, J. R. Morris, K. M. Ho and S. R. Agnew, Nonbasal deformation modes of HCP metals and alloys: Role of dislocation source and mobility, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 33 (2002) 813–822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Y. Kasukabe, Y. Yamada, L. P. Ju and L. A. Bursill, Structure analysis of {1101} twins in evaporated titanium thin films, Philos. Mag. A, 68 (1993) 587–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. G. S. Daehn, V. J. Vohnout and L. DuBois, Improved formability with electromagnetic forming: fundamentals and a practical example, Minerals, Metals and Materials Society/AIME, 184 Thorn Hill Road, Warrendale, PA 15086-7528, USA (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  16. M. Seth, V. J. Vohnout and G. S. Daehn, Formability of steel sheet in high velocity impact, J. Mater. Process Tech., 168 (2005) 390–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. M. A. Meyers, Dynamic behavior of materials, New York: Wiley (1994).

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. F. W. Bach, L. Walden, M. Kleiner and D. Risch, Effects of electromagnetic and hydraulic forming processes on the microstructure of the material, ICHSF 2004 - 1st International Conference on High-Speed Forming, 31 March-1 April 2004, Dortmund, Germany: Lehrstuhlfur Umformtechnik (2004) 57–70.

    Google Scholar 

  19. F. W. Bach and L. Walden, Microstructure and mechanical properties of copper sheet after electromagnetic forming, ZWF Z. Wirtsch. Fabrikbetr, 100 (2005) 430–434.

    Google Scholar 

  20. D. H. Liu, H. P. Yu and C. F. Li, Comparative study of the micro structure of 5052 aluminum alloy sheets under quasistatic and high-velocity tension, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 551 (2012) 280–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. P. J. Ferreira, J. B. V. Sande, M. A. Fortes and A. Kyrolainen, Micro structure development during high-velocity deformation, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 35A (10) (2004) 3091–3101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. L. E. Murr, Mechanical property relationships in shockloaded metals and alloys in processing of international conference on metallurgical effects of high-strain-rate, Deformation and Fabrication, M.A. Meyers and L.E. Murr (Eds.), Plenum Press, New York, NK (1980) 607–673.

    Google Scholar 

  23. F. Li, J. Mo, J. Li, L. Huang, H. Zhou and L. Qiu, Experimental and numerical investigation of electromagnetic bulging of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V at room temperature, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 229 (2015) 1753–1763.

    Google Scholar 

  24. L. Zhu, J. Wu, Z. Li and C. Liu, Investigating chip morphology and its characteristics in the high-speed milling of a Ti-6Al-4V thin plate, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 29 (10) (2015) 4359–4366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. M. A. Meyers, O. Vöhringer and V. A. Lubarda, The onset of twinning in metals: a constitutive description, Acta Mater, 49 (2001) 4025–4039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. U. Andrade, M. A. Meyers, K. S. Vecchio and A. H. Chokshi, Dynamic recrystallization in high-strain, high-strain-rate plastic deformation of copper, Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, 42 (1994) 3183–3195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. F. Li, J. Mo, J. Li, H. Zhou and L. Huang, Study on the driver plate for electromagnetic forming of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V, Int. J. Adv. Manuf Tech., 69 (2013) 127–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China

    Fen-Qiang Li & Jun Zhao

  2. Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications of Fujian Province, Xiamen, China

    Fen-Qiang Li & Jun Zhao

  3. State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Jian-Hua Mo, Jian-Jun Li & Liang Huang

Authors
  1. Fen-Qiang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jun Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jian-Hua Mo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jian-Jun Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Liang Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fen-Qiang Li.

Additional information

Recommended by Associate Editor Dae-Cheol Ko

Fen-Qiang Li, Ph.D., is a Researcher on material processing and material analysis. His research focuses on the electromagnetic forming (EMF) process and the deformation mechanism of material under EMF.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, FQ., Zhao, J., Mo, JH. et al. Comparative study of the microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheets under quasi-static and high-velocity bulging. J Mech Sci Technol 31, 1349–1356 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-016-0843-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-016-0843-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation