Abstract
Studies show that the shear strength of angular-shaped calcareous sand is mainly affected by dilatancy, interparticle locking, and particle breakage. In the present study, a series of consolidated-drained triaxial compression tests on calcareous sands are carried out to investigate the strength impacts of dilatancy, interparticle locking, and particle breakage. It is found that as the stress level increases, the friction angle difference reflecting the effect of the particle breakage increases. In contrast, the friction angle difference reflecting the interparticle locking and dilatancy effect decreases gradually. Moreover, the critical stress ratio of the high-angled calcareous sands decreases, which may be attributed to particle breakage. The obtained results demonstrate that when the stress level exceeds a certain value, the critical stress ratio remains constant. Then the correlation between the particle breakage, interparticle locking, and dilatancy effects in the shear strength is studied. Finally, based on the performed analysis on energy dissipation in calcareous sands, a dilatancy model is proposed that covers the particle breakage effect. The performed analyses demonstrate that the proposed model can accurately explain the experimental data.
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Abbreviations
- a, b :
-
Test parameters
- a 1, b 1 :
-
Constant
- B g :
-
Breakage rate proposed by Marsal
- B p :
-
Breakage potential
- B r :
-
Relative breakage; Br/Bt/Bp
- \(B_{\rm{r}}^\prime\) :
-
Particle breakage rate proposed by Einav
- B t :
-
Total breakage
- D :
-
Dilatancy factor
- D max :
-
Maximum dilatancy factor
- E B :
-
Breakage energy
- e i :
-
Void ratio
- H :
-
Material parameter
- h :
-
Breakage hardness
- h c, h d :
-
Test parameters
- K cs :
-
R/D ratios when φ=φcs
- K f :
-
R/D ratios when φ=φfr
- K u :
-
R/D ratios when φ=φu
- M :
-
Material parameter
- M c :
-
q/p ratio at critical state
- M p :
-
Peak stress ratio
- m, n :
-
Test parameters
- m 1, m 2 :
-
Test parameters
- n b :
-
Breakage number
- n s :
-
Shape number
- p :
-
Mean effective stress
- p a :
-
Atmospheric pressure
- q :
-
Deviatoric stress
- R :
-
Principal stress ratio
- R 0 :
-
Overall roundness
- Rmax:
-
Maximum stress principal stress ratio
- ε s :
-
Shear strain
- ε v :
-
Volumetric strain
- ε 1 :
-
Axial strain
- η :
-
Stress ratio; η=q/p
- σ b :
-
Breakage effective stress
- σ dbi :
-
Threshold stress
- σ r :
-
Breakage reference stress
- σ 0, τ0 :
-
Effective octahedral normal and shear stresses
- σ 3 :
-
Confining pressure
- \({\sigma _3}^\prime ,\,\,{\sigma _1}^\prime\) :
-
Effective minor and major principal stresses, respectively
- φ b :
-
Friction angle difference reflected the effect of particle breakage; φb=φfb − φfr
- φ cs :
-
Critical state friction angle
- φ d :
-
Friction angle difference reflected the effect of dilatancy; φd=φp − φf
- φ f :
-
Friction angle including particle breakage and interparticle locking but excluding dilatancy
- φ fb :
-
Friction angle includes particle breakage but excludes dilatancy and interparticle locking
- φ fi :
-
Friction angle which contains interparticle locking but excludes dilatancy and particle breakage
- φ fr :
-
Friction angle which contains rearrangement and basic friction but excludes dilatancy
- φ i :
-
Friction angle difference reflected the effect of interparticle locking; φi=φf − φfb
- φ max :
-
Maximum friction angle calculated based on Mohr-Coulomb criterion when sample at failure
- φ mob :
-
Mobilized friction angle
- φ p :
-
Peak friction angle
- φ r :
-
Friction angle difference reflected the effect of particle rearrangement; φr=φfr − φu
- φ u :
-
Basic friction angle
- ψ max :
-
Maximum dilatancy angle
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Acknowledgments
This work presented in this paper was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42172295), the Hubei Provincial Education Department Science and Technology Research Project (Grant No. Q20222701), and the project funded by of Natural Science Foundation of Xiaogan (Grant No. XGKJ2022010101). The authors would like to thank all the reviewers who participated in the review, as well as MJEditor (www.mjeditor.com) for providing English editing services during the preparation of this manuscript.
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Luo, M., Zhang, J., Liu, X. et al. Effect of Particle Breakage and Interlocking on Strength and Dilatancy Characteristics of Calcareous Sands. KSCE J Civ Eng 27, 3270–3284 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-023-1470-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-023-1470-5