Abstract
It is of great importance to study the behavior of loess moisture infiltration based on the loess permeability velocity to prevent geological disasters by loess collapsibility and get effective solutions for the problems of practical engineering. In this study, a custom-made permeation device was used to measure the permeation velocity of collapsible loess before and after water immersion and consolidation. The infiltration characteristics of the undisturbed collapsible loess under different consolidation pressures were discussed, and the influence of the pore characteristics on the permeability velocity was analyzed by the mercury injection test. Meanwhile, the correlations of various types of pores on the permeability velocity were studied by the gray relational entropy method to further reveal the water infiltration mechanism in loess. The results showed that the soil is compressed after consolidation and immersion tests, and the pore volume and pore diameter decreases. However, permeability velocity increases rather than decreases, and the self-weight collapsible state has the most significant permeability velocity. To the collapsible loess, the permeability velocity decreases with the increase of soil pore area. Additionally, small pores show the strongest correlation with permeability velocity. The conclusions of this study have a positive role in guiding foundation treatments and slope stability in collapsible loess areas.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- D :
-
Pore diameter
- E(X j):
-
Entropy correlation degree
- h 0 :
-
Original height of the sample
- h p :
-
The height of the specimen when its deformation becomes stable under a certain pressure
- h p ′ :
-
The height of the above specimen when its deformation becomes steady after immersion in water
- H(R j):
-
Grey correlation entropy
- h z :
-
The height of a specimen when its deformation becomes stable under the saturated self-weight stress
- h z ′ :
-
The height of the above specimen when its deformation becomes steady after immersion in water
- P :
-
External pressure applied
- p h :
-
Distribution density value
- r(x 0(k), x j(k)):
-
Grey correlation coefficient
- T :
-
Surface tension coefficient of mercury
- t :
-
Penetration time of the sample
- v :
-
Penetration velocity of the sample
- α :
-
Contact angle between mercury and the soil particles
- Δh :
-
Collapse deformation
- δ s :
-
Collapsibility coefficient
- α zs :
-
Self-weight collapsibility coefficient
References
An P, Zhang AJ, Xing YC, Zhang B, Ni WK, Ren WY (2018) Experimental study on settling characteristics of thick self-weight collapsible loess in Xinjiang Ili region in China using field immersion test. Soils and Foundation 58(6):1476–1491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.08.005
Assadi-Langroudi A (2019) A conceptual model for loess in England: Principles and applications. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 130(2):115–125, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.12.003
Chen G, Meng XM, Qiao L, Zhang Y, Wang SY (2018) Response of a loess landslide to rainfall: Observations from a field artificial rainfall experiment in Bailong River Basin, China. Landslides 15:895–911, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0924-6
Chen XL, Wang YH, Wang CH (2010) Grey relation entropy analysis of unconfined compression strength of modified soil of soft rock. Highway 12:136–139 (in Chinese)
De Vita P, Di Maio R, Piegari E (2012) A study of the correlation between electrical resistivity and matric suction for unsaturated ash-fall pyroclastic soils in the Campania region (southern Italy). Environmental Earth Sciences 67:787–798, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1531-4
GB 50025-2018 (2018) Standard for building construction in collapsible loess regions. China Architecture Publishing & Media, Beijing, China
Haeri SM, Khosravi A, Garakani AA, Ghazizadeh S (2017) Effect of soil structure and disturbance on hydromechanical behavior of collapsible loessial soils. International Journal of Geomechanics 17: 1–15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000656
Haeri SM, Zamani A, Garakani AA (2012) Collapse potential and permeability of undisturbed and remolded loessial soil samples. In: Mancuso C, Jommi C, D’Onza F (eds) Unsaturated soils: Research and applications. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 301–308, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31116-1_41
Huang JX, Dang YG, Wang JJ, Xue QY (2020) Novel Deng’s grey development relation model based on information difference and its application in sanatorium performance evaluation. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020:3427040, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3427040
Huang XF, Liu CL, Yao ZH, Yang XH, Zhang SJ, Zhang JH (2012) Study of infiltration and collapsible deformation law of unsaturated loess under over burden pressure by using TDR soil water probe. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 31(S1):3231–3238, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-6915.2012.z1.086 (in Chinese)
Jiang MJ, Zhang FG, Hu HJ, Cui YJ, Peng JB (2014) Structural characterization of natural loess and remolded loess under triaxial tests. Engineering Geology 181:249–260, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.07.021
Jing YL, Jia ZL, Zhang ZQ, Lv YQ, Wang LX, Tao CL (2020) Study on the method for determination of the maximum depth of loess collapsible under overburden pressure. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Volume 79:1509–1521, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01630-y
Kozubal J, Steshenko D (2015) The complex compaction method of an unstable loess substrate. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8:6189–6198, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1654-x
Lehmkuhl F, Zens J, Krauß L, Schulte P, Kels H (2016) Loess-paleosol sequences at the northern European loess belt in Germany: Distribution, geomorphology and stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews 153:11–30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.10.008
Lei XY (1987) Pore types and collapsibility of Chinese loess. Science China 12:1309–1318 (in Chinese)
Li XA, Li LC (2017) Quantification of the pore structures of Malan loess and the effects on loess permeability and environmental significance, Shaanxi Province, China: An experimental study. Environmental Earth Sciences 76:523, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6855-7
Li P, Li TL, Wang H, Liang Y (2013) Soil-water characteristic curve and permeability perdiction on Childs & Collis-Geroge model of unsaturated loess. Rock and Soil Mechanics 34:184–189, DOI: https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2013.s2.067 (in Chinese)
Li P, Vanapalli S, Li TL (2016) Review of collapse triggering mechanism of collapsible soils due to wetting. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 8:256–274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2015.12.002
Li P, Xie WL, Pak RYS, Vanapalli SK (2019) Microstructural evolution of loess soils from the Loess Plateau of China. CATENA 173:276–288, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.10.006
Liu JW (2017) Experimental study on the structure and adsorption characteristics of loess oriented to wetting function. MSc Thesis, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China (in Chinese)
Mohammadzadeh SD, Bolouri Bazaz J, Alavi AH (2014) An evolutionary computational approach for formulation of compression index of fine-grained soils. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 33:58–68, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2014.03.012
Mohammadzadeh SD, Bolouri Bazaz J, Vafaee Jani Yazd SH, Alavi AH (2016) Deriving an intelligent model for soil compression index utilizing multi-gene genetic programming. Environmental Earth Sciences 75(3):1–11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4889-2
Muñoz-Castelblanco JA, Pereira JM, Delage P, Cui YJ (2012) The water retention properties of a natural unsaturated loess from northern France. Géotechnique 62:95–106, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.P.084
Qiu JL, Lu YQ, Lai JX, Zhang YW, Yang T, Wang K (2020) Experimental study on the effect of water gushing on loess metro tunnel. Environmental Earth Sciences 79:1–19, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-08995-4
Richardson CA, McDonald EV, Busacca AJ (1997) Luminescence dating of loess from the Northwest United States. Quaternary Science Reviews 16(3–5):403–415, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(96)00111-4
Shao XX, Zhang HY, Tan Y (2018) Collapse behavior and microstructural alteration of remolded loess under graded wetting tests. Engineering Geology 233:11–22, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.11.025
Shroder JF, Schettler MJ, Weihs BJ (2011) Loess failure in northeast Afghanistan. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 36(16):1287–1293, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2011.03.001
Wang JJ, Liang Y, Zhang HP, Wu Y, Lin X (2014a) A loess landslide induced by excavation and rainfall. Landslides 11:141–152, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-013-0418-0
Wang NQ, Pang Q, Han B (2014b) Eevelopment and application of upward permeameter for unsaturated soil. Journal of Engineering Geology 22:1028–1033, DOI: https://doi.org/10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2014.06.002 (in Chinese)
Wu XP, Wang LM, Fang JH, Xu AH, Zhou YL, Zhao YH (2018) Seepage characteristics and their relationship with self-weight collapse of intact loess ground. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 40:1002–1010, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE201806005 (in Chinese)
Wu LZ, Zhou Y, Sun P, Shi JS, Liu GG, Bai LY (2017) Laboratory characterization of rainfall-induced loess slope failure. CATENA 150: 1–8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.11.002
Xie WL, Li P, Vanapalli SK, Wang JD (2018) Prediction of the wetting-induced collapse behaviour using the soil-water characteristic curve. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 151:259–268, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.11.009
Xu J, Ren J, Wang Z, Wang S, Yuan J (2018) Strength behaviors and meso-structural characters of loess after freeze-thaw. Cold Regions Science and Technology 148:104–120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.01.011
Yao ZH, Huang XF, Chen ZH, Zhang JH (2012) Comprehensive soaking tests on self-weight collapse loess with heavy section in Lanzhou region. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 34(1):65–74 (in Chinese)
Yates K, Fenton CH, Bell DH (2018) A review of the geotechnical characteristics of loess and loess-derived soils from Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. Engineering Geology 236:11–21, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.08.001
Zhang QS, Guo XJ, Deng JL (1996) Grey relation entropy method of grey relation analysis. Systems Engineering — Theory & Practice 16:7–11 (in Chinese)
Zhang Y, Hu ZQ, Xue ZJ (2018) A new method of assessing the collapse sensitivity of loess. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Volume 77:1287–1298, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1372-9
Zhang CL, Li TL, Li P (2014) Rainfall infiltration in Chinese loess by in situ observation. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 19:1–3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001015
Zhang XZ, Lu YD, Li X, Lu YC, Sun JZ, Pan WS (2019) Multilevel collapsibility of loess under irrigation in Jinya Town, Gansu Province, China. Advances in Civil Engineering 2019:2153679, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2153679
Acknowledgments
The research work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41472267, 41877285) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 300102289201).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wen, X., Jing, Y., Hu, Z. et al. Experimental Study on the Penetration of Natural Unsaturated and Collapsible Loess Based on the Permeability Velocity. KSCE J Civ Eng 25, 4585–4595 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-1736-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-1736-8