Abstract
An efficient experiment has been aimed in engineering fields for many years, which is provided through minimum number of tests and maximum amount of applicable results. Frozen soil is conceived to be an attractive subject for optimization processes. To reach an optimized design of experiment, a statistical method known as response surface method was used to largely reduce the number of tests and formulate a reasonable model for predicting the triaxial compressive strength and electrical resistivity. Considering the potential benefits of response surface method, a variety of effective factors including minimum freezing temperature during a cycle, number of freeze and thaw cycles and duration of freezing and/or thawing were investigated in order to have an overall outlook on the behavior of sandy lean clay subjected to different thermal regimes resembling natural conditions. In this study, triaxial compressive tests under confining pressures of 30 kPa and 90 kPa together with electrical resistivity tests were performed. In total, 38 treatments were performed under closed system to develop and verify models depending on mentioned factors, by which the mechanical behavior and durability of frozen soil could be reasonably estimated. The repeatability and relative errors of the derived models were also evaluated. It was shown that the derived statistical models were able to quantify the level of significance of each single input factor and their interactions with modeled properties, which can simplify the test protocol required to find the most destructive parameter and thermal regime. Minimum temperature and number of cycles were found to have the most significant effects on mechanical properties and durability, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-mukhtar M, Lasledj A, Alcover J (2010) Behaviour and mineralogy changes in lime-treated expansive soil at 50°C. Applied Clay Science 50:199–203, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.07.022
Aldaood A, Bouasker M, Al-mukhtar M (2014) Impact of freeze-thaw cycles on mechanical behaviour of lime stabilized gypseous soils. Cold Regions Science and Technology 99:38–45, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.12.003
Andersland OB, Ladanyi B (2004) Frozen ground engineering, 2nd edition. John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA
Anderson-Cook CM, Borror DCM (2009) Response surface design evaluation and comparison. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 139:629–674
Box GEP, Draper NR (2007) Response surfaces, mixtures, and ridge analysis. Wiley, New York, NY, USA
Bradley N (2007) The response surface methodology. MSc Thesis, Indiana University of South Bend, South Bend, IN, USA
Christ M, Kim Y (2009) Experimental study on the physical-mechanical properties of frozen silt. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 13(5): 317–324, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-009-0317-z
Dostovalov BN (1973) Structures, phase transitions, and properties of free and bound water. Second international conference on Permafrost, July 13–28, Yakutsk, USSR, 287–291
Farouki OT (1981) Thermal properties of soils. CRREL, Hanover, NH, USA
Khuri AI, Cornell JA (1996) Response surfaces: Designs and analyses, 2nd edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA
Khuri I, Mukhopadhyay S (2010) Response surface methodology. WIREs Computational Statistics 2:128–149, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.73
Li H, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Lin C (2004) Effects of temperature, strain rate and dry density on compressive strength of saturated frozen clay. Cold Regions Science and Technology 39:39–45, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2004.01.001
Long W-J, Lemieux G, Hwang S-D, Khayat KH (2012) Statistical models to predict fresh and hardened properties of self-consolidating concrete. Materials and Structures 45:1035–1052, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-011-9815-9
Luis S, Ferreira C, Edward R, Galv E, Nei W, Maria C, Mauricio J, Bittencourt J, Andrade D, Cristina M, Cristina I, Fontes S, Barros B (2007) Statistical designs and response surface techniques for the optimization of chromatographic systems. Journal of Chromatography A 1158:2–14, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.051
Mehdipour I, Vahdani M, Amini K, Shekarchi M (2016) Linkin stability characteristics to material performance of self-consolidating concrete equivalent mortar incorporating fly ash and metakaolin. Construction and Building Materials 105:1–604
Montgomery DC (2013) Design and analysis of experiments, eighth edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA
Myers RH, Montgomery DC, Anderson-Cook CM (2009) Response surface methodology: Process and product optimization using designed experiments, 3rd edition. Wiley, New York, NY, USA
Myers RH, Montgomery DC, Vining GG, Borror CM, Kowalski SM (2004) Response surface methodology: A retrospective and literature survey. Journal of Quality Technology 36(1):53–77
Nunes S, Figueiras H, Milheiro Oliveira P, Coutinho JS, Figueiras J (2006) A methodology to assess robustness of SCC mixtures. Cement and Concrete Research 36:2115–2122, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.003
Olgun M (2013) The effects and optimization of additives for expansive clays under freeze-thaw conditions. Cold Regions Science and Technology 93:36–46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.06.001
Othman MA, Benson CH (1993) Effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity and morphology of compacted clay. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30:236–246
Qi J, Vermeer PA, Cheng G (2006) A review of the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on soil geotechnical properties. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 17:245–252
Samouelian A, Cousin I, Tabbagh A, Bruand A, Richard G (2005) Electrical resistivity survey in soil science: A review. Soil and Tillage Research 83:173–193, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.10.004
Tsytovich NA, NRC (1964) Physical phenomena and processes in freezing, frozen and thawing soils. No. NRC-TT-1164, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
Wang D, Ma W, Niu Y, Chang X, Wen Z (2007) Effects of cyclic freezing and thawing on mechanical properties of Qinghai - Tibet clay. Cold Regions Science and Technology 48(1):34–43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2006.09.008
Xu X, Lai Y, Dong Y, Qi J (2011) Laboratory investigation on strength and deformation characteristics of ice-saturated frozen sandy soil. Cold Regions Science and Technology 69(1):98–104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2011.07.005
Yang Y, Lai Y, Li J (2010) Laboratory investigation on the strength characteristic of frozen sand considering effect of confining pressure. Cold Regions Science and Technology 60(3):245–250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.11.003
Zhang S, Lai Y, Sun Z, Gao Z (2007) Volumetric strain and strength behavior of frozen soils under confinement. Cold Regions Science and Technology 47(3):263–270, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2006.10.001
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vahdani, M., Ghazavi, M. & Roustaei, M. Measured and Predicted Durability and Mechanical Properties of Frozen-Thawed Fine Soils. KSCE J Civ Eng 24, 740–751 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-2178-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-2178-4