Abstract
This paper experimentally investigates the lateral deformation characteristic of clay under consolidation with lateral drainage. A transparent consolidation test device was developed to obtain photo images of the soil specimen during lateral drainage consolidation. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was applied to quantify the displacements within the entire clay specimen, and subsequently, the strains and void ratio fields were computed through the moving least square method. The results of the PIV showed complex lateral deformation characteristics depending on the degree of consolidation and the locations. The lateral deformation induced a lower void ratio, and consequently, permeability near the vertical drain compared to the average values of the entire specimen. Additionally, the non-uniformity of the effective stress state, and hence of the soil stiffness, was verified with the total stress measurements.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adrian, R. J. (1991). “Particle imaging techniques for experimental fluid mechanics.” Annal Rev Fluid Mech, Vol. 23, pp. 261–304, DOI: 10.1146/annurev.fl.23.010191.001401.
Al-Tabbaa, A. and Wood, D. M. (1991). “Horizantal drainage during consolidation: Insights gained from analyses of a simple problem.” Géotechnique, Vol. 41, No. 4, 571–585, DOI: 10.1680/geot.1991. 41.4.571.
Arshad, M., Tehrani, F., Prezzi, M., and Salgado, R. (2014). “Experimental study of cone penetration in silica sand using digital image correlation.” Géotechnique, Vol. 64, No. 7, pp. 551–569, DOI: 10.1680/geot.13.P.179.
Atkinson, J. H., Evans, J. S., and Ho, E. W. L. (1985). “Non-uniformity of triaxial samples due to consolidation with radial drainage.” Géotechnique, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 353–355, DOI: 10.1680/geot. 1985.35.3.353.
Baek, W. and Moriwaki, T. (2004). “Internal behavior of clayey ground improved by vertical drains in 3D-consolidation process.” Soils and Foundations, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 25–37, DOI: 10.3208/sandf.44.3_25.
Berry, P. L. and Wilkinson, W. B. (1969). “The radial consolidation of clay soils.” Géotechnique, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 253–284, DOI: 10.1680/geot.1969.19.2.253.
Casagrande, A. (1936). “The determination of the pre-consolidation load and its practical significance.” Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, pp. 60–64.
Choo, Y. W., Kim, J., Park, H.-I., and Kim, D.-S. (2013). “Development of a new asymmetric anchor plate for prefabricated vertical drain installation via centrifuge model tests.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 139, No. June, pp. 987–992, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000796.
Dejong, J. T., White, D. J., and Randolph, M. F. (2006). “Microscale observation and modeling of soil-structure interface behavior using particle image velocimetry.” Soils and Foundations, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 15–28, DOI: 10.3208/sandf.46.15.
Hansbo, S., Jamiolkowski, M., and Kok, L. (1981). “Consolidation by vertical drains.” Géotechnique, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 45–66, DOI: 10.1680/geot.1981.31.1.45.
Hardin, B. O. and Richart, F. E. (1963). “Elastic wave velocities in granular soils.” Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE, Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 33–65.
Jang, E. R., Jung, Y. H., and Chung, C. K. (2013). “Statistical determination of representative volume element of dense granular soils in planestrain experiments.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 68–76, DOI: 10.1007/s12205-013-1288-7.
Keys, R. (1981). “Cubic convolution interpolation for digital image processing.” IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 1153–1160, DOI: 10.1109/TASSP. 1981.1163711.
Lancaster, B. P. and Salkauskas, K. (1981). “Surfaces generated by moving least squares methods.” Mathematics and Computation, Vol. 37, No. 155, pp. 141–158, DOI: 10.1090/S0025-5718-1981-0616367-1.
Lillesand, T. M., Kiefer, R. W., and Chipman, J. W. (2014). Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. John Wiley & Sons.
Mesri, G. and Choi, Y. K. (1985). “Settlement analysis of embankments on soft clays.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 111, No. 4, pp. 441–464, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:4(441).
Mesri, G. and Rokhsar, A. (1974). “Theory of consolidation of clays.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. GT8, pp. 889–904.
Pyrah, I., Smith, I., Hull, D., and Tanaka, Y. (1999). “Non-uniform consolidation around vertical drains installed in soft ground.” Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Infrastructure, pp. 1–7.
Sheeran, D. E. and Krizek, R. J. (1971). “Preparation of homogenous soil samples by slurry consolidation.” Journal of Materials, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 356–373.
Tabbara, M., Blacker, T., and Belytschko, T. (1994). “Finite element derivative recovery by moving least square interpolants.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 117, pp. 221–223, DOI: 10.1016/0045-7825(94)90084-1.
Walker, R., Indraratna, B., and Rujikiatkamjorn, C. (2012). “Vertical drain consolidation with non-Darcian flow and void-ratio-dependent compressibility and permeability.” Géotechnique, Vol. 62, No. 11, pp. 985–997, DOI: 10.1680/geot.10.P.084.
White, D. J. and Bolton, M. D. (2004). “Displacement and strain paths during plane-strain model pile installation in sand.” Géotechnique, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 375–397, DOI: 10.1680/geot.2004.54.6.375.
White, D. J., Take, W. A., and Bolton, M. D. (2003). “Soil deformation measurement using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and photogrammetry.” Géotechnique, Vol. 53, No. 7, pp. 619–631, DOI: 10.1680/geot.2003.53.7.619.
Yune, C. Y. (2005). “Influence of void ratio variation on consolidation behavior of clayey soil with vertical drains.” PhD thesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
Zhang, G., Hu, Y., and Zhang, J. M. (2009). “New image analysis-based displacement-measurement system for geotechnical centrifuge modeling tests.” Measurement, Vol. 42, pp. 87–96, DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2008.04.002.
Zhang, Y. D., Tan, T. S., and Leung, C. F. (2005). “Application of Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) in centrifuge testing of uniform clay.” International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, DOI: 10.1680/ijpmg.2005.050102.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, J., Woo, S.I. & Chung, CK. Assessment of non-uniform deformation during consolidation with lateral drainage using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). KSCE J Civ Eng 22, 520–531 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-0707-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-0707-6