Abstract
Air-chambers are mechanical devices capable of decreasing positive and increasing negative water-hammer pressures in pumping pipelines; however, large size air-chambers might increase the costs substantially. Also, air-inlet valves are powerful devices which can efficiently control negative pressures. Obtaining the best protection scheme where transient pressures are maintained in a safe bound while minimizing the protection cost is an optimization problem. In this research, a single objective optimization model is introduced in which the types and locations of air-inlet valves and the size of air-chamber are determined such that the total cost is minimized while all pressures along the pipeline are in the allowable range. Maximum and minimum transient pressures are considered as constraints in the optimization analysis using penalty functions. A self-adaptive real genetic algorithm is used to solve the problem. The model is applied to a real transmission pipeline with 4 m3/s flow capacity. The results indicate that the proposed model is capable to determine proper number of air-inlet valves, their locations and types so that the air-chamber size and the total cost are substantially reduced.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brunone, B., Golia, U. M., and Greco, M. (1991). “Some remarks on the momentum equation for fast transients.” Int. Meeting on Hydraulic Transients with Column Saparation. IAHR, Valencia, Spain, pp. 140–148.
Chaudhry, M. H. (2014). Applied hydraulic transients, Springer, New York, US.
Deb, K. and Beyer, H. G. (2001). “Self-adaptive genetic algorithms with simulated binary crossover.” Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 197–221.
Eshelman, L. J. and Schaffer, J. D. (1993). “Real-coded genetic algorithms and interval-schemata.” Foundations of Genetic Algorithms, Vol. 2, pp. 187–202, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-094832-4.50018-0.
Fathi-Moghaddam, M., Haghighipour, S., and Samani, H. M. V. (2013). “Design-variable optimization of hydropower tunnels and surge tanks using a genetic algorithm.” Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 139, No. 2, pp. 200–208, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000243.
Haupt, R. L. and Haupt, S. E. (2004). Practical genetic algorithms, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, US.
Jung, B. S. and Karney, B. (2013). “Pipeline optimization accounting for transient conditions: Exploring the connections between system configuration, operation and surge protection.” Proc. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress. ASCE, Cincinnati, US,903–912.
Jung, B. S. and Karney, B. W. (2004). “Fluid transients and pipeline optimization using GAand PSO: The diameter connection.” Urban Water Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 167–176, DOI: 10.1080/15730620412331289995.
Jung, B. S. and Karney, B. W. (2006). “Hydraulic optimization of transient protection devices using GA and PSO approaches.” Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 132, No. 1, pp. 44–52, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2006)132:1(44).
Jung, B. S., Boulos, P. F. and Altman, T. (2011). “Optimal transient network design: A multi-objective approach.” Journal of American Water Works Association, Vol. 103, No. 4, pp. 118–127.
Jung, B. S., Muleta, M., and Boulos, P. F. (2009). “Multi-objective design of transient network models.” Proc. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress. ASCE, Kansas, US, 5698–5707.
Karassik, I. J., Messina, J. P., Cooper, P., and Heald, C. C. (2001). “Pump Handbook. McGRAW-HILL, New York, US.
Laine D.A. & Karney B.W. 1997 Transient analysis and optimization in pipeline-a numerical exploration.” Proc. 3rd International Conference on Water Pipeline Systems, Hague, Netherlands, pp. 281–296.
Lee, T. S. and Leow, L. C. (1999). “Numerical study on the effects of air-valve characteristics on pressure surges during pump trip in pumping systems with air entrainment.” International Journal of Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 645–655, DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0363(19990330)29:6<645::AID-FLD804>3.0.CO;2-Q.
Lingreddy, S., Funk, J. E., and Wang, H. (2000). “Genetic algorithms in optimizing transient suppression devices.” Proc. ASCE Joint Conference on Water Resources Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management, Minneapolis.
Stephenson, D. (2002). “Simple guide for design of air vessels for water hammer protection of pumping lines.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 128, No. 8, pp. 792–797, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE) 0733-9429(2002)128:8(792).
Wang, L., Wang, F. J., Zou, Z. C., Li, X. N., and Zhang, J. C. (2013). “Effects of air vessel on water hammer in high-head pumping station.” 6th Int. Conference on Pumps and Fans with Compressors and WindTurbines IOP, Vol. 52, No. 7, pp. 7–13, DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/52/7/072010.
Wylie, E. B. and Streeter, V. L. (1993). Fluid transients in systems, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, US.
Zhuqing, L., Huili, B., and Fujun, W. (2011). “Simple Effect of airvalves on water hammer protection in pressure pipelines.” Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 333–337, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8530.2011.04.012.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Moghaddas, S.M.J., Samani, H.M.V. & Haghighi, A. Transient protection optimization of pipelines using air-chamber and air-inlet valves. KSCE J Civ Eng 21, 1991–1997 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0836-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0836-4