Abstract
In this paper, an analytical method to compute the vertical uplift capacity of horizontal strip anchors under both static and seismic conditions is described by using limit equilibrium method and Kötter’s equation. For seismic forces, pseudo-dynamic approach is used to obtain the net seismic vertical uplift capacity factor for unit weight component of soil (F γd ) by considering the distribution of soil reaction on the simplest planar failure surface through the use of Kötter’s equation. Results under static and seismic conditions are determined for various combinations of input parameters, like soil friction angle, embedment ratio, soil amplification and both horizontal and vertical pseudo-dynamic seismic accelerations. It is observed that F γd decreases significantly with increase in both horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations and soil amplification. As expected, the seismic uplift capacity increases with increase in embedment ratio and soil friction angle. Results in terms of non-dimensional net seismic uplift capacity factor are presented in graphical form. Present results are compared and found in good agreement with few similar results available in literature. Present study reveals lowest critical design values of seismic uplift capacity factor which can be used in seismic design of anchors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Balla, A. (1961). “The resistance to breaking out of mushroom foundations for pylons.” Proc. 5th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Paris, France, pp. 569–576.
Basudhar, P. K. and Singh, D. N. (1994). “A generalized procedure for predicting optimal lower bound break-out factors of strip anchors.” Geotechnique, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 307–318.
Choudhury, D. and Ahmad, S. M. (2008). “Stability of waterfront retaining wall subjected to pseudo-dynamic earthquake forces.” Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, Vol. 134, No. 4, pp. 252–260.
Choudhury, D. and Nimbalkar, S. (2005). “Seismic passive resistance by pseudo dynamic method.” Geotechnique, Vol. 55, No. 9, pp. 699–702.
Choudhury, D. and Nimbalkar, S. (2006). “Pseudo dynamic approach of seismic active earth pressure behind retaining wall.” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 1103–1113.
Choudhury, D. and Nimbalkar, S. (2007). “Seismic rotational displacement of gravity walls by pseudo-dynamic method: Passive case.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 242–249.
Choudhury, D. and Subba Rao, K. S. (2002). “Seismic passive resistance in soils for negative wall friction.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 971–981.
Choudhury, D. and Subba Rao, K. S. (2004). “Seismic uplift capacity of strip anchors in soil.” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 59–72.
Choudhury, D. and Subba Rao, K. S. (2005). “Seismic uplift capacity of inclined strip anchors.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 263–271.
Choudhury, D. and Subba Rao, K. S. (2007). “Generalized solution for seismic uplift capacity of strip anchors using pseudo-static approach.” Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 311–328.
Das, B. M. (1993). Principals of soil dynamics, MA: PWS-KENT Publishing Company, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Deshmukh, V. B., Dewaikar, D. M., and Choudhary, D. (2011). “Uplift capacity of horizontal strip anchors in cohesionless soil.” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 977–988.
Dickin, E. A., and Laman, M. (2007). “Uplift response of the strip anchor in cohesionless soil.” Advances in Engineering Software, Vol. 38, Nos. 8–9, pp. 618–625.
Ghosh, P. (2009). “Seismic vertical uplift capacity of horizontal strip anchors using pseudo-dynamic approach.” Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 36, Nos. 1–2, pp. 342–351.
Kötter, F. (1903). “Die Bestimmung des drucks an gekrümmten gleitflächen, eine aufgabe aus der lehre vom erddruck.” Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, pp. 229–233.
Kumar, J. (1999). “Kinematic slices approach for uplift analysis of strip anchors.” International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol. 23, No. 11, pp. 1159–1170.
Kumar, J. (2001). “Seismic vertical uplift capacity of strip anchors.” Geotechnique, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 2 75–279.
Kumar, J. and Kouzer, K. M. (2008). “Vertical uplift capacity of horizontal anchors using upper bound limit analysis and finite elements.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 698–704.
Matsuo, M. (1967). “Study on uplift resistance of footing.” Soils and Foundations, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 1–37.
Merifield, R. S. and Sloan, S. W. (2006). “The ultimate pullout capacity of anchors in frictional soils.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 852–868.
Meyerhof, G. G. and Adams, J. I. (1968). “The ultimate uplift capacity of foundations.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 225–244.
Murray, E. J. and Geddes, J. D. (1987). “Uplift of anchor plates in sand.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 113, No. 3, pp. 202–215.
Nimbalkar, S. and Choudhury, D. (2007). “Sliding stability and seismic design of retaining wall by pseudo-dynamic method for passive case.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 497–505.
Rangari, S., Choudhury, D., and Dewaikar, D. M. (2011). “Pseudo-static uplift capacity of horizontal strip anchors.” Geo-Frontiers 2011: Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Geotechnical Special Publication, ASCE, No. 211, pp. 1821–1831.
Rangari, S. M., Choudhury, D., and Dewaikar, D. M. (2012a). “Pseudostatic uplift capacity of obliquely loaded horizontal strip anchor in cohesionless soil.” Geo-Congress 2012: State of the Art and Practice in Geotechnical Engineering, Geotechnical Special Publication, ASCE, No. 225, pp. 185–194.
Rangari, S. M., Choudhury, D., and Dewaikar, D. M. (2012b). “Effects of pullout direction and anchor inclination on computation of pseudo-static uplift capacity for strip anchors in sand.” Disaster Advances, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 9–16.
Rangari, S. M., Choudhury, D., and Dewaikar, D. M. (2013). “Computations of seismic passive resistance and uplift capacity of horizontal strip anchors in sand.” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Springer, Netherlands, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 569–580.
Richards, R., Elms, D. G., and Budhu, M. (1990). “Dynamic fluidization of soils.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 116, No. 5, pp. 740–759.
Rowe, R. K., and Davis, E. H. (1982). “The behaviour of anchor plates in sand.” Geotechnique, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 25–41.
Steedman, R. S., and Zeng, X. (1990). “The influence of phase on the calculation of pseudo-static earth pressure on a retaining wall.” Geotechnique, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 103–112.
Subba Rao, K. S. and Kumar, J. (1994). “Vertical uplift capacity of horizontal anchors.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 7, pp. 1134–1147.
Vesic, A. S. (1971). “Breakout resistance of objects embedded in ocean bottom.” Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Div., ASCE, Vol. 97, No. 9, pp. 1183–1205.
White, D. J., Cheuk, C. Y., and Bolton, M. D. (2008). “The uplift resistance of pipes and plate anchors buried in sand.” Geotechnique, Vol. 58, No. 10, pp. 771–779.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rangari, S.M., Choudhury, D. & Dewaikar, D.M. Estimation of seismic uplift capacity of horizontal strip anchors using pseudo-dynamic approach. KSCE J Civ Eng 17, 989–1000 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-013-0046-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-013-0046-1