Abstract
Deterioration of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures is related to the corrosion of reinforcement since it propagates to structural degradation. In urban or underground conditions, carbonation-initiated corrosion in reinforcement is reported. In this paper, a stochastic model for predicting service life of RC structure subjected to carbonation is proposed through Monte Carlo simulation method with the spatial variation of material, geometric properties of RC structures, and environmental factors. This model can take into account the spatial variation of uncertain parameters by generating non-Gaussian and multi-dimensional random fields using spectral representation method. To estimate the temporal variation of the probability to exceed a pre-defined serviceability, time-dependent reliability analyses are performed. Spatial reliability indicators such as the mean and standard deviation of the area are calculated through 20-sample with 4-variable full-factorial realization. It is evaluated that there exists large variation in predicted service life and quality control for concrete is required during construction for the service life. Based on these results, design and construction considerations are provided.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad, S. (2003). “Reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures, its monitoring and service life prediction-a review.” Cem. Conc. Compos., Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 459–471.
Amey, S. L., Johnson, D. A., Miltenberger, M. A., and Farzam, H. (1998). “Predicting the service life of concrete marine structures: An environmental methodology.” ACI Struct. J., Vol. 95, No. 2, pp. 205–214.
Capra, B., Drogo, J. L., and Wolff, V. (2006). “Reinforced concrete corrosion: Application of Bayesian networks to the risk management of a cooling tower.” J. Physique IV France., Vol. 136, No. 3, pp. 213–222.
CEB, Task Group 5.1. (1997). New Approach to Durability Design — An example of carbonated induced corrosion, Sprint-Druck, Stuttgart.
Defaux, G., Pendola, M., and Sudret, B. (2006). “Using spatial reliability in the probabilistic study of concrete structures: The example of a reinforced concrete beam subjected to carbonation inducting corrosion.” J. de Phys. IV France, Vol. 136, No. 11, pp. 243–253.
Duprat, F. and Sellier, A. (2006). “Probabilistic approach to corrosion risk due to carbonation via an adaptive response surface method.” J. Prob. Eng. Mech., Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 207–216.
Ferreira, F., Arskog, V., and Gjorv, O. E. (2004). “Probability-based durability analysis of concrete harbor structures.” Proceedings of CONSEC04, Vol. 1, pp. 999–1006.
Gjorv, O. E. (1994). “Steel corrosion in concrete structures exposed to norwegian marine environment.” Concr. Int., Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 35–39.
Gulikers, J. (2006). “Considerations on the reliability of service life predictions using a probabilistic approach.” J. de Phys. IV France, Vol. 136, No. 11, pp. 233–241.
Ishida, T., Maekawa, K.(2001). “Modeling of pH profile in pore water based on mass transport and chemical equilibrium theory.” Conc. Lib., JSCE. Vol. 37, pp. 151–166.
Izumi, I., Kita, D., and Maeda, H. (1986). Carbonation, Kibodang Publication (in Japanese).
Jones, A. L., Kramer, S. L., and Arduino, P. (2002). Estimation of uncertainty in geotechnical properties for performance-based earthquake engineering, Report 2002/16, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
JSCE-Concrete Committee. (2002). Standard specification for concrete structures.
Jung, W. Y., Yoon, Y. S., and Sohn, Y. M. (2003). “Predicting the remaining service life of land concrete by steel corrosion.” Cem. Conc. Res., Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 663–677.
KCI-Korea Concrete Institute. (2001). Study on extension of service-life for RC viaduct and countermeasure, Technical Report, Seoul Metro, Oct. (in Korean).
KCI-Korea Concrete Institute. (2004). Concrete standard specification — Durability part.
Khatri, R. P. and Sirivivatnanon, V. (2004). “Characteristic service life for concrete exposed to marine environments.” Cem. Conc. Res., Vol. 34, No.5, pp. 745–752.
Kong, J. S., Ababneh, A. N., Frangopol, D. M., and Xi, Y. (2002). “Reliability analysis of chloride penetration in saturated concrete.” J. Prob.Eng. Mech., Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 305–315.
Kwon, S.-J., Na, U. J., Park, S. S., and Jung, S. H. (2009). “Service life prediction of concrete wharves with early-aged crack: Probablistic approach for chloride diffusion.” Struct. Safe., Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 75–83
Kwon, S.-J., Park, S. S., Nam, S. H., and Cho, H. J. (2007). “A study on survey of carbonation for sound, cracked, and joint concrete in RC column in metropolitan city.” J. KSMI., Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 116–122 (in Korean).
Kwon, S.-J. and Song, H.-W. (2010). “Analysis technique for carbonation behavior in concrete using neural network algorithm and carbonation modeling.” Cem. Concr. Res., Vol. 40, No. 1, pp.119–127.
Lee, T. H. and Mosalam, K. M. (2006). Probabilistic seismic evaluation of reinforced concrete structural components and systems, Report 2006/04, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
Liang, M. T., Wang, K. L., and Liang, C. H. (1999). “Service life prediction of reinforced concrete structures.” Cem. Conc. Res., Vol. 29, No. 9, pp. 1411–1418.
Litzner, H. U. and Becker, A. (1999). “Design of concrete structures for durability and strength to Eurocode 2.” Mater. Struct., Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 323–330.
Lounis, Z. (2003). “Probabilistic modeling of chloride contamination and corrosion of concrete bridge structures.” Proceedings of 4 th ISUMA.
Maekawa, K., Ishida, T., and Kishi, T. (2003). “Multi-scale modeling of concrete performance-integrated material and structural mechanics.” Adv. Concr. Tech., Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 91–119.
Na, U. J., Chaudhuri, S. R., and Shinozuka, M. (2007). “Probabilistic assessment for seismic performance of port structures.” Soil Dynam.Earthquake Eng., Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 147–158.
Papadakis, V. G., Fardis, M. N., and Vayenas, C. G. (1992). “Effect of composition, environmental factors and cement-lime mortar coating on concrete carbonation.” Mater. Struct., Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 293–204.
Papadakis, V. G., Vayenas, C. G., and Fardis, M. N. (1991a). “Fundamental modeling and experimental investigation of concrete carbonation.” ACI Mater. J., Vol. 88, No. 4, pp. 363–273.
Papadakis, V. G., Vayenas, C. G., and Fardis, M. N. (1991b). “Physical and chemical characteristics affecting the durability of concrete.” ACI Mater. J., Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 186–196.
Popescu, R. Deodatis, G., and Prevost, J. H. (1998). “Simulation of homogeneous non-Gaussian stochastic vector fields.” J. Prob. Eng. Mech., Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 1–13.
RILEM. (1994). Durability design of concrete structures, Report of RILEM Technical Committee 130-CSL.
Rovnanik, P., Chroma, M., Teply, B., and Kersner, Z. (2006). “Durability limit states of concrete structures: Carbonation. European symposium on service life and serviceability of concrete structures.” ESCS-2006, Finland, pp. 246–251.
Shinozuka, M. and Deodatis, G. (1996). “Simulation of multi-dimensional Gaussian stochastic fields by spectral representation.” ASME, App. Mech. review., Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 29–53.
Song, H.-W., Kwon, S.-J., Byun, K. J., and Park, C. K. (2006) “Predicting carbonation in early-aged cracked concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 979–989.
Stewart, M. G. and Mullard, J. A. (2007). “Spatial time-dependent reliability analysis of corrosion damage and the timing of first repair for RC structures.” Eng. Struct., Vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 1457–1464.
Stewart, M. G. and Rosowsky, D. V. (2004). “Time-dependent reliability of deteriorating reinforced concrete bridge decks.” Struct. Safe., Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 91–109.
Sudret, B., Defaux, G., and Pendola, M. (2005). “Time-variant finite element reliability analysis — Application to the durability of cooling towers.” Struct. Safe., Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 93–112.
Thomas, M. D. A. and Bentz, E. C. (2002). Computer program for predicting the service life and life-cycle costs of reinforced concrete exposed to chlorides, Life365 Manual, SFA.
Yamazaki, F. and Shinozuka, M. (1998).“Digital generation of non-Gaussian stochastic fields.” ASCE, J. Eng. Mech. 1988, Vol. 114, No. 7, pp. 1183–1197.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Na, U.J., Kwon, SJ., Chaudhuri, S.R. et al. Stochastic model for service life prediction of RC structures exposed to carbonation using random field simulation. KSCE J Civ Eng 16, 133–143 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-012-1248-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-012-1248-7