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Milde therapeutische Hypothermie

Wer profitiert von der Kälte nach dem plötzlichen Herztod?

Mild therapeutic hypothermia

Who benefits most from the cold after surviving sudden cardiac death?

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Zusammenfassung

Die milde therapeutische Hypothermie stellt eine Schlüsselbehandlung in der Postreanimationsphase bei Patienten mit überlebtem präklinischem Herzstillstand dar. Die Datenlage bei defibrillierbarem Herzrhythmus ist gut und wird aktuell für Patienten empfohlen, die einen Spontankreislauf entwickeln und komatös sind. Für Patienten mit nicht defibrillierbarem Herzrhythmus ist die Studienlage weniger einheitlich und zeigt widersprüchliche Ergebnisse. Bei innerklinischem Herzstillstand fehlen Daten zur milden therapeutischen Hypothermie noch. Bis auf Weiteres empfehlen die Leitlinien jedoch, im Zweifel die Hypothermie bei jedem Patienten mit überlebtem plötzlichem Herztod in der Postreanimationsphase anzuwenden. Der richtige Zeitpunkt zum Start der Hypothermie scheint eher später zu sein, wenn der Patient also bereits in der Klinik eingetroffen ist. Eine präklinische Kühlung führt zwar schneller zur gewünschten Zieltemperatur von 32–34°C, eine Verbesserung des Outcome ist aber nur für eine Reanimationsdauer <10 min beschrieben. Zur Aufrechterhaltung der Hypothermie sind beide Systeme mit einem Temperaturregelkreis geeignet (intravaskulärer Katheter und wassergekühlte Gelmatten). Die häufigste Ursache eines plötzlichen Herzstillstandes ist kardialer Genese. Eine unmittelbar durchgeführte Koronarangiographie und -intervention ist bei jedem Patienten mit einem STEMI als Auslöser des Herzstillstandes indiziert. Diese Prozedur kann problemlos mit einer Hypothermiebehandlung kombiniert werden. In einem standardisierten Behandlungspfad sollte die Herzkatheteruntersuchung bei diesen Patienten Berücksichtigung finden und additiv zur Hypothermiebehandlung bei Verdacht auf eine kardiale Genese durchgeführt werden.

Abstract

Mild therapeutic hypothermia is a key procedure during the post-resuscitation therapy in patients who have survived sudden cardiac death. It represents an established therapy in patients presenting with a shockable heart rhythm and is suitable for such survivors of sudden cardiac death who have spontaneous circulation and are comatose. The level of evidence for patients presenting with a non-shockable heart rhythm is much lower and published data are inconsistent. There is a lack of data for in-hospital resuscitation and the use of mild therapeutic hypothermia. However, the current guidelines recommend the general use of mild therapeutic hypothermia in general without regard to the underlying heart rhythm or location where the sudden cardiac death occurred. The optimal timing of induction of hypothermia seems to be later, e.g. when the survivor of the out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death already has arrived in the emergency department. The pre-hospital induction of hypothermia achieves the target temperature of 32–34°C earlier but is only associated with a benefit for patients needing less than 10 min CPR before ROSC. For maintenance of hypothermia both systems (intravascular catheter device and water cooled gel pads) with a self-regulating temperature circuit are suitable. Most victims of sudden cardiac death suffer from a cardiac disease. An acute coronary angiography and intervention is reasonable in those patients presenting with STEMI as the underlying cause of sudden cardiac death. This procedure can easily be combined with the mild therapeutic hypothermia. In a standardized treatment algorithm both therapies should be considered and should be performed in every survivor of sudden cardiac death with a presumed cardiac origin.

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Abb. 1

Abbreviations

APACHE:

Acute physiology and chronic health evluation

CPC:

Cerebral performance category

CPR:

Kardiopulmonale Wiederbelebung

eCPR:

Extrakorporale Wiederbelebung

PEA:

Elektromechanische Entkopplung

PVT:

Pulslose Kammertachykardie

PCI:

Perkutane Koronarintervention

ROSC:

Return of spontaneous circulation

SDD:

Selektive Darmdekontamination

SOFA:

Sequential organ failure assessment

VF:

Kammerflimmern

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Prull, M., Bittlinsky, A., Christ, M. et al. Milde therapeutische Hypothermie. Kardiologe 5, 264–269 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12181-011-0359-6

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