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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation: mechanisms and implications in diabetic retinopathy

  • Published:
Journal of Ocular Biology, Diseases, and Informatics

Abstract

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the primary cellular compartment where proteins are synthesized and modified before they can be transported to their destination. Dysfunction of the ER impairs protein homeostasis and leads to the accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins in the ER, or ER stress. While it has long been recognized that ER stress is a major cause of conformational disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, certain types of cancer, and type 2 diabetes, recent evidence suggests that ER stress is also implicated in many chronic inflammatory diseases. These diseases include irritable bowel syndrome, atherosclerosis, diabetic complications, and many others. Diabetic retinopathy is a common microvascular complication of diabetes, characterized by chronic inflammation, progressive damage to retinal vascular and neuronal cells, vascular leakage, and abnormal blood vessel growth (neovascularization). In this review, we discuss the role and mechanisms of ER stress in retinal inflammation and vascular damage in diabetic retinopathy.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant EY019949 and research awards from American Diabetes Association, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology, American Health Assistance Foundation, and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center at University of Oklahoma (all to SXZ).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Sarah X. Zhang, Emily Sanders & Joshua J. Wang

  2. Harold Hamm Diabetes Center at University of Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Sarah X. Zhang, Emily Sanders & Joshua J. Wang

  3. Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 941 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Sarah X. Zhang

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  1. Sarah X. Zhang
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Correspondence to Sarah X. Zhang.

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Zhang, S.X., Sanders, E. & Wang, J.J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation: mechanisms and implications in diabetic retinopathy. j ocul biol dis inform 4, 51–61 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12177-011-9075-5

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