Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physical Activity and Exercise for Secondary Prevention among Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports volume 7, pages 411–416 (2013)Cite this article

Abstract

Most adults do not achieve the recommended levels of physical activity, including patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, healthcare providers often do not understand the benefits of physical activity in CVD patients, rather over emphasizing the potential risks related to activity. Recent studies suggest reductions in cardiovascular events including mortality with concomitant improvements in quality of life for many vascular conditions. However gaps in our current knowledge base remain. Recent research on physical activity including use of novel internet based interventions are developing areas of interest have moved to reduce such knowledge gaps.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical activity guidelines advisory committee report. Washington DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2008.

  2. Miller TD, Balady GJ, Fletcher GF. Exercise and its role in the prevention and rehabilitation of cardiovascular disease. Ann Behav Med Publ Soc Behav Med. 1997;19(3):220–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(1):e6–e245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Tang L, Patao C, Chuang J, Wong ND. Cardiovascular risk factor control and adherence to recommended lifestyle and medical therapies in persons with coronary heart disease (from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2010). Am J Cardiol. Jul 2 2013.

  5. Li J, Siegrist J. Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease–a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(2):391–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ahmed HM, Blaha MJ, Nasir K, et al. Effects of physical activity on cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(2):288–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Heron M. Deaths: Leading causes for 2008. National vital statistics reports. Hyattsville: National Center for Health Statistics; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  8. •• Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, et al. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):219–29. This recent study analyzed physical inactivity rates worldwide in relation to the major con-communicable diseases. Additionally, it was the catalyst for a paper series on physical inactivity by the Lancet to raise worldwide public health awareness.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Martin BJ, Arena R, Haykowsky M, et al. Cardiovascular fitness and mortality after contemporary cardiac rehabilitation. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(5):455–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Beatty AL, Schiller NB, Whooley MA. Six-minute walk test as a prognostic tool in stable coronary heart disease: data from the heart and soul study. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(14):1096–102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rognmo O, Moholdt T, Bakken H, et al. Cardiovascular risk of high- versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in coronary heart disease patients. Circulation. 2012;126(12):1436–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;5:2013.

    Google Scholar 

  13. • O'Connor CM, Whellan DJ, Lee KL, et al. Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(14):1439–50. The first study with a large population of 2331 stable outpatients with heart failure showing benefits of regular exercise.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. • Belardinelli R, Georgiou D, Cianci G, Purcaro A. 10-year exercise training in chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(16):1521–8. One of the few studies to analyze long-term benefits of exercise. This study split 123 patients with CHF into an exercise group and non-exercise and followed them for 10 years.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Meyer P, Normandin E, Gayda M, et al. High-intensity interval exercise in chronic heart failure: protocol optimization. J Card Fail. 2012;18(2):126–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Freyssin C, Verkindt C, Prieur F, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation in chronic heart failure: effect of an 8-week, high-intensity interval training versus continuous training. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(8):1359–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Truelsen T, Piechowski-Jozwiak B, Bonita R, et al. Stroke incidence and prevalence in Europe: a review of available data. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(6):581–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhang J, Chaaban J. The economic cost of physical inactivity in China. Prev Med. 2013;56(1):75–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Garrett NA, Brasure M, Schmitz KH, et al. Physical inactivity: direct cost to a health plan. Am J Prev Med. 2004;27(4):304–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Willey JZ, Moon YP, Paik MC, et al. Physical activity and risk of ischemic stroke in the Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology. 2009;73(21):1774–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Willey JZ, Moon YP, Paik MC, et al. Lower prevalence of silent brain infarcts in the physically active: the Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology. 2011;76(24):2112–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Krarup LH, Truelsen T, Pedersen A, et al. Level of physical activity in the week preceding an ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;24(2–3):296–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Dean CM, Rissel C, Sherrington C, et al. Exercise to enhance mobility and prevent falls after stroke: the community stroke club randomized trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012;26(9):1046–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Brogardh C, Flansbjer UB, Lexell J. Self-reported walking ability in persons with chronic stroke and the relationship with gait performance tests. PM R. 2012;4(10):734–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Burr JF, Shephard RJ, Zehr EP. Physical activity after stroke and spinal cord injury: evidence-based recommendations on clearance for physical activity and exercise. Can Fam Physician. 2012;58(11):1236–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Moore SA, Hallsworth K, Plotz T, et al. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and metabolic control following stroke: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e55263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Cho KH, Lee WH. Virtual walking training program using a real-world video recording for patients with chronic stroke: a pilot study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;92(5):371–80. quiz 380-372, 458.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Stoller O, de Bruin ED, Knols RH, Hunt KJ. Effects of cardiovascular exercise early after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2012;12:45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Gordon CD, Wilks R, McCaw-Binns A. Effect of aerobic exercise (walking) training on functional status and health-related quality of life in chronic stroke survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2013;44(4):1179–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation. 2006;113(11):e463–654.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Heald CL, Fowkes FG, Murray GD, Price JF. Risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease associated with the ankle-brachial index: Systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2006;189(1):61–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. McDermott MM, Ferrucci L, Liu K, et al. Women with peripheral arterial disease experience faster functional decline than men with peripheral arterial disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(6):707–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Fowkes FG, Murray GD, Butcher I, et al. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300(2):197–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. • Jain A, Liu K, Ferrucci L, et al. The Walking Impairment Questionnaire stair-climbing score predicts mortality in men and women with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2012;55(6):1662–73. This study use a simiple questionaire of self-reported walking ability among patients with PAD. Stair climbing scores were independantly associated with both cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Murphy TP, Cutlip DE, Regensteiner JG, et al. Supervised exercise versus primary stenting for claudication resulting from aortoiliac peripheral artery disease: six-month outcomes from the Claudication: Exercise Versus Endoluminal Revascularization (CLEVER) Study. Circulation. 2012;125(1):130–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Watson L, Ellis B, Leng GC. Exercise for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008(4):CD000990.

  37. Hiatt WR, Regensteiner JG, Hargarten ME, et al. Benefit of exercise conditioning for patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation. 1990;81(2):602–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hiatt WR, Wolfel EE, Meier RH, Regensteiner JG. Superiority of treadmill walking exercise versus strength training for patients with peripheral arterial disease. Implications for the mechanism of the training response. Circulation. 1994;90(4):1866–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Sanderson B, Askew C, Stewart I, et al. Short-term effects of cycle and treadmill training on exercise tolerance in peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44(1):119–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. McDermott MM, Kibbe M, Guralnik JM, et al. Comparative effectiveness study of self-directed walking exercise, lower extremity revascularization, and functional decline in peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 2013;57(4):990–6. e991.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Guidon M, McGee H. One-year effect of a supervised exercise programme on functional capacity and quality of life in peripheral arterial disease. Disabil Rehabil. 2013;35(5):397–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Makris GC, Lattimer CR, Lavida A, Geroulakos G. Availability of supervised exercise programs and the role of structured home-based exercise in peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2012;44(6):569–75. discussion 576.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Tod A, Lacey E, McNeill F. ‘I’m still waiting…': barriers to accessing cardiac rehabilitation services. J Adv Nurs. 2002;40(4):421–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Daly J, Sindone AP, Thompson DR, et al. Barriers to participation in and adherence to cardiac rehabilitation programs: a critical literature review. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2002;17(1):8–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Rimmer JH, Wang E, Smith D. Barriers associated with exercise and community access for individuals with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(2):315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Giannuzzi P, Saner H, Björnstad H, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation position paper of the working group on cardiac rehabilitation and exercise physiology of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(13):1273–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. •• Reid RD, Morrin LI, Beaton LJ, et al. Randomized trial of an internet-based computer-tailored expert system for physical activity in patients with heart disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012;19(6):1357–64. This randomized controlled trial demonstrated significant increases in physical activity among patients with heart disease when randomized to an internet-based program.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sangster J, Furber S, Phongsavan P, et al. Where you live matters: challenges and opportunities to address the urban-rural divide through innovative secondary cardiac rehabilitation programs. Aust J Rural Health. 2013;21(3):170–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Moy ML, Janney AW, Nguyen HQ, et al. Use of pedometer and internet-mediated walking program in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2010;47(5):485.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Houle J, Doyon O, Vadeboncoeur N, et al. Effectiveness of a pedometer-based program using a socio-cognitive intervention on physical activity and quality of life in a setting of cardiac rehabilitation. Can J Cardiol. 2012;28(1):27–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Richardson CR, Newton TL, Abraham JJ, et al. A meta-analysis of pedometer-based walking interventions and weight loss. Ann Fam Med. 2008;6(1):69–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Richardson CR, Brown BB, Foley S, et al. Feasibility of adding enhanced pedometer feedback to nutritional counseling for weight loss. J Med Internet Res. 2005;7(5):e56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Piette JD, Richardson C, Himle J, et al. A randomized trial of telephone counseling plus walking for depressed diabetes patients. Med Care. 2011;49(7):641.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

Conflict of Interest

Douglas Darden and Caroline Richardson and Elizabeth A. Jackson declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Douglas Darden

  2. Department of Family Medicine, 1018 Fuller St., Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Caroline Richardson

  3. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106-0363, USA

    Elizabeth A. Jackson

Authors
  1. Douglas Darden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Caroline Richardson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Elizabeth A. Jackson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elizabeth A. Jackson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Darden, D., Richardson, C. & Jackson, E.A. Physical Activity and Exercise for Secondary Prevention among Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep 7, 411–416 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-013-0354-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-013-0354-5

Keywords

search

Navigation