Abstract
Chlorogenic acid isomers have been increasingly studied because of their beneficial biological effects in humans. However, their commercial analytical standards are high cost, a fact that limits research. Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a low-cost, natural plant matrix with marked contents of chlorogenic acids, but its potential as a source of analytical standards of chlogenic acids has never been investigated. Thus, this study aimed to optimize a method to extract, isolate, and purify analytical standards of six chlorogenic acids (3-caffeoylquinic, 4-caffeoylquinic, 5-caffeoylquinic, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic, and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic) from yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. For this, sequential statistical multivariate approaches (central composite designs) were utilized. Using the optimized extraction conditions (5 mL of ethanol:water 26:74 v/v, stirring for 30 min at 60 °C), 1000 g of yerba mate gave a concentrated extract totalizing 21.57 g of chlorogenic acid isomers. We established optimized chromatographic conditions to obtain analytical standards of each compound individually, as well as to produce a mix containing all the compounds, with high yields and purities above 97%. Thus, the optimized conditions to obtain the standards have an excellent yield, employed a natural low-cost matrix, and used simple and automated processes with potential to produce in laboratory and industrial scale. These results show the potential of yerba mate as a novel source of standards of chlorogenic acids, and provide an effective method to produce them in laboratories worldwide, which may contribute to advance the research on these compounds.
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All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES, No. 1267386).
Tayse F. F. da Silveira is grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 and UIDP/00690/2020) and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2021). Tayse F. F. da Silveira also thanks the Fundação BPI La Caixa, within project titled “AquaeVitae-Água Termal Como Fonte de Vida e Saúde”-“PROMOVE–O futuro do Interior” call 2020 for her contract.
Funding
This work was supported by CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), Project numbers 001 and 1267386.
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Adriana D. Meinhart: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Tayse F.F. da Silveira: Visualization, Writing – review & editing. Helena T. Godoy: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Resources.
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The plant research was registered with the Ministry of the Environment of Brazil (number A3414AD). This research was submitted to a patent filing with the National Institute of Industrial Property of Brazil under the registration number: BR10201700713. The patent content is already available for publication.
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Adriana Dillenburg Meinhart declares that she has no conflict of interest. Tayse Ferreira Ferreira da Silveira declares that she has no conflict of interest. Helena Teixeira Godoy declares that she has no conflict of interest.
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Meinhart, A.D., da Silveira, T.F.F. & Godoy, H.T. Yerba Mate as an Inexpensive Source of Analytical Standards of Chlorogenic Acid Isomers: an Optimization Study. Food Anal. Methods 17, 83–95 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-023-02549-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-023-02549-7