Abstract
Some edible gelatin (EG) always constitutes a major component of the final product and is usually of high price, which makes it necessary to discriminate such EG from the cheap counterparts. In this study, we present a discriminating methodology based on oscillatory chemical reactions, and apply the method to discriminate between the donkey-hide gelatin samples from a particular manufacturer (i.e., Dong’e Ejiao Co., Ltd.) and other similar EG products. By measuring the open circuit potential (OCP), we are able to obtain the perturbations brought by the gelatin samples to an acetone-MnSO4-KBrO3 chemical oscillator. With the help of principle component analysis, we can extract the peculiarities of different EG products from the OCP data and further differentiate among the samples made of various raw material or produced by distinct manufacturers. The whole workflow requires little sample preprocessing but gives satisfactory discrimination sensitivity and accuracy.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12161-022-02443-8/MediaObjects/12161_2022_2443_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12161-022-02443-8/MediaObjects/12161_2022_2443_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12161-022-02443-8/MediaObjects/12161_2022_2443_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12161-022-02443-8/MediaObjects/12161_2022_2443_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12161-022-02443-8/MediaObjects/12161_2022_2443_Fig5_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.
References
Amazon (2022) New packaging Dong’e factory quality box, Dong’e jujube donkey hide gelatin cake 500g open bag, instant quality assurance. https://www.amazon.com/packaging-factory-quality-gelatin-assurance/dp/B076GNZHKS/ref=sr_1_9?keywords=%22donkey+hide+gelatin%22&qid=1648027036&s=grocery&sr=1-9#customerReviews. Accessed 2022.06
Berntsson O, Zackrisson G, Östling G (1997) Determination of moisture in hard gelatin capsules using near-infrared spectroscopy: applications to at-line process control of pharmaceutics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 15:895–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(96)01926-7
Cai S, Jiang M, Zhao K, et al. (2021a) A quantitative strategy of ultrasound-assisted digestion combined UPLC-MS/MS for rapid identifying species-specific peptide markers in the application of food gelatin authentication. LWT - Food Sci Technol 147:111,590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111590
Cai S, xuan Zhao K, Tong Jiang M et al (2021b) Collagen derived species-specific peptides for distinguishing donkey-hide gelatin (Asini Corii Colla). Chin Herb Med 13:261–266
Desroches M, Guckenheimer J, Krauskopf B et al (2012) Mixed-mode oscillations with multiple time scales. SIAM Rev 54:211–288. https://doi.org/10.1137/100791233
Dong’e Ejiao Co. Ltd. (2022) http://en.dongeejiao.com/. Accessed 2022.06
Duconseille A, Andueza D, Picard F et al (2016) Molecular changes in gelatin aging observed by NIR and fluorescence spectroscopy. Food Hydrocoll 61:496–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.06.007
Duthen S, Levasseur-Garcia C, Kleiber D et al (2021) Using near-infrared spectroscopy to determine moisture content, gel strength, and viscosity of gelatin. Food Res Int 115:106,627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106627
Field RJ, Körös E, Noyes RM (1972) Oscillations in chemical systems. II. Thorough analysis of temporal oscillation in the bromate-cerium-malonic acid system. J Am Chem Soc 94:8649–8664. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00780a001
Harris P, Normand V, Norton I T (2003) Gelatin. In: Caballero B (ed) Encyclopedia of food sciences and nutrition. Elsevier Science, Ltd., pp 2865–2871, DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00551-4, (to appear in print)
Jwo JJ, Noyes RM (1975) Oscillations in chemical systems. IX. Reactions of cerium (IV) with malonic acid and its derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 97:5422–5431. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00852a017
Li W, Han H, Zhang L et al (2016) Manufacturer identification and storage time determination of “Dong’e Ejiao” using near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. J Zhejiang Univ-Sci B (Biomed & Biotechnol) 17:382–390. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1500186
Li X, Shi F, Gong L et al (2017) Species-specific identification of collagen components in Colla corii asini using a nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry proteomics approach. Int J Nanomed 12:4443–4454. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S136819
Li Y, Zhang X, Liu L et al (2021) A rapid method for distinguishing similar gelatins based on terahertz spectrum. Eur Food Res Technol 247:2927–2933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-021-03836-5
Liu R, Huang Y, Xu H et al (2019a) A strategy for identifying species-specific peptide biomarkers in deerhide gelatin using untargeted and targeted mass spectrometry approaches. Anal Chim Acta 1092:32–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.064
Liu T, Zhang P, Ling Y et al (2019b) Protective effect of Colla corii asini against lung injuries induced by intratracheal instillation of artificial fine particles in rats. Int J Mol Sci 20:55. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010055
Segtnana VH, Isaksson T (2004) Temperature, sample and time dependent structural characteristics of gelatine gels studied by near infrared spectroscopy. Food Hydrocoll 18:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-005X(02)00096-6
Segtnana VH, Kvaalb K, Rukkea EO et al (2003) Rapid assessment of physico-chemical properties of gelatine using near infrared spectroscopy. Food Hydrocoll 17:585–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-005X(02)00099-1
Sheu SC, Huang JY, Lien YY et al (2020) Specific, sensitive and rapid authentication of donkey-hide gelatine (Colla corii asini) in processed food using an isothermal nucleic acid amplification assay. J Food Sci Technol 57:2877–2883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04319-3
Wold S, Esbensen K, Geladi P (1987) Principle component analysis. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 2:37–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7439(87)80084-9
Yang H, Shen Y, Xu Y et al (2015) A novel strategy for the discrimination of gelatinous Chinese medicines based on enzymatic digestion followed by nano-flow liquid chromatography in tandem with orbitrap mass spectrum detection. Int J Nanomed 10:4947–4955. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S82291
Zhang L, Xu Z, Jiang T et al (2021) Efficacy and safety of ejiao (Asini Corii Colla) in women with blood deficient symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Front Pharmacol 12:718,154. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.718154
Zhang W, Cui S, long Cheng X et al (2019) An optimized TaqMan real-time PCR method for authentication of ASINI CORII COLLA (donkey-hide gelatin). J Pharm Biomed Anal 170:196–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.028
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Wenlong Li for helpful discussions.
Funding
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82003944).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Ruiping Ye: investigation, formal analysis, data curation, visualization. Zeshuai Zhang: investigation, formal analysis, data curation, visualization. Haixia Wang: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, writing — reviewing and editing. Tongchuan Suo: conceptualization, formal analysis, visualization, writing — original draft.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Ruiping Ye declares that she has no conflict of interest. Zeshuai Zhang declares that he has no conflict of interest. Haixia Wang declares that she has no conflict of interest. Tongchuan Suo declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Ruiping Ye and Zeshuai Zhang contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ye, R., Zhang, Z., Wang, H. et al. Discriminating Various Edible Gelatin with a Chemical Oscillator. Food Anal. Methods 16, 626–632 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-022-02443-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-022-02443-8