Abstract
Promoting and protecting the market of typical national territory’s products are fundamental from a commodity point of view. Often, high-added value foods are subjected to fraud. Chestnuts have extraordinary nutritional and organoleptic qualities and Italy is one of the biggest producers of this product. The purpose of the present study is to develop an analytical method suitable to authenticate the chestnut of Vallerano a PDO agro-food produced in Central-Italy. A total of 441 chestnuts were analyzed (323 PDO and 118 harvested in other Italian territories) by near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and then classified using two different approaches: a discriminant one, partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and a class-modelling one, soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA). Both strategies led to very high prediction capability in external validation on a test set (classification accuracy in one case, and sensitivity and specificity in the other). Eventually, both the proposed approaches resulted suitable for a rapid and non-destructive authentication of this valuable product. In particular, the combination of NIR (collected on the hilum) and PLS-DA provided the best results, reaching 97.0% of total correct classification rate on the validation set.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Avanzato D (2009) Following chestnut footprints cultivation and culture, folklore and history, traditions and uses. ISHS Scripta Horticolturae, Belgium
Barker M, Rayens W (2003) Partial least squares for discrimination. J Chemom 17:166–173. https://doi.org/10.1002/cem.785
Barnes RJ, Dhanoa MS, Lister SJ (1989) Standard normal variate transformation and de-trending of near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectra. Appl Spectrosc 43:772–777. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702894202201
Barreira JC, Pereira JA, Oliveira MB, Ferreira IC (2010) Sugars profiles of different chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and almond (Prunus dulcis) cultivars by HPLC-RI. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 65:38–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-009-0147-7
Biancolillo A, Marini F (2018) Chemometrics applied to plant spectral analysis. In: Lopes J, Sousa C (eds) Vibrational Spectroscopy for Plant Varieties and Cultivars Characterization. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, 80. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 69–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.coac.2018.03.003
Biancolillo A, De Luca S, Bassi S, Roudier L, Bucci R, Magrì AD, Marini F (2018) Authentication of an Italian PDO hazelnut (“Nocciola Romana”) by NIR spectroscopy. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:28780–28786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1755-2
Biancolillo A, Firmani P, Bucci R, Magrì R, Marini F (2019) Determination of insect infestation on stored rice by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Microchem J 145:252–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2018.10.049
Cevoli C, Gori A, Nocetti M, Cuibus L, Carboni MF, Fabbri A (2013) FT-NIR and FT-MIR spectroscopy to discriminate competitors, non compliance and compliance grated Parmigiano Reggiano cheese. Food Res Int 52:214–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.016
Chiesa L, Panseri S, Bonacci A, Procopio A, Zecconi A, Arioli F, Cuevas FJ, Moreno-Rojas JM (2016) Authentication of Italian PDO lard using NIR spectroscopy, volatile profile and fatty acid composition combined with chemometrics. Food Chem 212:296–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.180
De Luca S, Ciotoli E, Biancolillo A, Magrì AD, Marini F (2018) Simultaneous quantification of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in coffee green beans and varietal classification of the samples by HPLC-DAD coupled with chemometrics. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:28748–28759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1379-6
Firmani P, Bucci R, Marini F, Biancolillo A (2019a) Authentication of “Avola almonds” by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics. J Food Compos Anal 82:103235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103235
Firmani P, De Luca S, Bucci R, Marini F, Biancolillo A (2019b) Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy-based classification for the authentication of Darjeeling black tea. Food Control 100:292–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.02.006
Firmani P, La Piscopia G, Bucci R, Marini F, Biancolillo A (2020) Authentication of P.G.I. Gragnano pasta by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics. Microchem J, 152, art. no. 104339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.104339
Fisher RA (1936) The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems. Ann Eugenics 7:179–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x
Forina M, Oliveri P, Bagnasco L, Simonetti R, Casolino MC, Nizzi F, Casale M (2015) Artificial nose, NIR and UV–visible spectroscopy for the characterisation of the PDO Chianti Classico olive oil. Talanta 144:1070–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.067
Gonçalves B, Borges O, Soares Costa H, Bennett R, Santos M, Silva AP (2010) Metabolite composition of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) upon cooking: Proximate analysis, fibre, organic acids and phenolics. Food Chem 122:154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.032
Grasel FS, Ferrão MF (2016) A rapid and non-invasive method for the classification of natural tannin extracts by near-infrared spectroscopy and PLS-DA. Anal Methods 8:644–649. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ay02526e
Hotelling H (1931) The generalization of Student’s ratio. Ann Math Stat 2:360–378. https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177732979
Hu J, Ma X, Liu L, Wu Y, Ouyang J (2017) Rapid evaluation of the quality of chestnuts using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Food Chem 231:141–147
Jackson JE, Muldholkar GS (1979) Control procedures for residuals associated with principal component analysis. Technometrics 21:341–349. https://doi.org/10.2307/1267757
Jie L, Xiaoyu L, Wei W, Wu X, Jun Z, Zhu Z (2014) Measurement of protein content in chestnuts using near infrared spectroscopy J. chem. pharm., 6: 938-941.
Jiménez-Carvelo AM, González-Casado A, Bagur-González MG, Cuadros-Rodríguez L (2019) Alternative data mining/machine learning methods for the analytical evaluation of food quality and authenticity – A review. Food Res Int 122:25–39
Laroussi-Mezghani S, Vanloot P, Molinet J, Dupuy N, Hammami M, Grati-Kamoun N, Artaud J (2015) Authentication of Tunisian virgin olive oils by chemometric analysis of fatty acid compositions and NIR spectra. Comparison with Maghrebian and French virgin olive oils. Food Chem 173:122–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.002
Liu J, Li XY, Li PW, Wang W, Zhou W (2010) Determination of moisture in chestnuts using near infrared spectroscopy. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng 26:338–341. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2010.2.058
Medina S, Perestrelo R, Silva P, Pereira JAM, Câmara JS (2019) Current trends and recent advances on food authenticity technologies and chemometric approaches. Trends Food Sci Technol 85:163–176
Míguez Bernárdez M, De la Montaña Miguélez J, García Queijeiro J (2004) HPLC determination of sugars in varieties of chestnut fruits from Galicia (Spain). J Food Compos Anal 17:63–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-1575(03)00093-0
Moscetti R, Haff RP, Saranwong S, MonarcaD CM, Massantini R (2014) Nondestructive detection of insect infested chestnuts based on NIR spectroscopy. Postharvest Biol Technol 87:88–94
Peláez Puerto P, Fresno Baquero M, Rodríguez EM, Darías Martin J, Díaz Romero C (2004) Chemometric studies of fresh and semi-hard goats’ cheeses produced in Tenerife (Canary Islands). Food Chem 88:361–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.01.048
Pereira-Lorenzo P, Dıaz-Hernandez B, Ciordia-Ara M, Ascasibar-Errasti J, Ramos-Cabrer AM, Sau F (2009) Spanish chestnut cultivars. HortScience 36:344–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2005.08.008
Pérez NF, Ferré J, Boqué R (2009) Calculation of the reliability of classification in discriminant partial least-squares binary classification. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 95:122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2008.09.005
Radovic BS, Careri M, Mangia A, Musci M, Gerboles M, Anklam E (2001) Contribution of dynamic headspace GC-MS analysis of aroma compounds to authenticity testing of honey. Food Chem 72:511–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00263-6
Ricci A, Lagel MC, Parpinello GP, Pizzi A, Kilmartin PA, Versari A (2016) Spectroscopy analysis of phenolic and sugar patterns in a food grade chestnut tannin. Food Chem 203:425–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.105
Ríos-Reina R, García-González DL, Callejón RM, Amigo JA (2018) NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics for the typification of Spanish wine vinegars with a protected designation of origin. Food Control 89:108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.01.031
Savitzky A, Golay MJE (1964) Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures. Anal Chem 36:1627–1639. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60214a047
Seasholtz MB, Kowalski BR (1990) Qualitative information from multivariate calibration models. Appl Spectrosc 44:1337–1348. https://doi.org/10.1366/000370290789619478
Senter SD, Payne JA, Mille G, Anagnostakis SL (1994) Comparison of lipids, fatty acids, sugars, and non-volatile organic acids in nuts from four Castanea species. J Sci Food Agric 65:223–227. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740650216
Smilde A, Bro R, Geladi P (2005) Two-way component and regression models. In: Smilde A, Bro R, Geladi P (eds) Multi-way analysis. Wiley, New York, pp 35–56
Snee RD (1977) Validation of regression models: methods and examples. Technometrics 19:415–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1977.10489581
Vázquez G, Pizzi A, Freire MS, Santos J, Antorrena G, González-Álvarez J (2013) MALDI-TOF, HPLC-ESI-TOF and 13C-NMR characterization of chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell tannins for wood adhesives. Wood Sci Technol 47:523–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-012-0513-8
Vitale R, Bevilacqua M, Bucci R, Magrì AD, Magrì L, Marini F (2013) A rapid and non-invasive method for authenticating the origin of pistachio samples by NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 121:90–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2012.11.019
Wang L, Lee FSC, Wang X (2007) Near-infrared spectroscopy for classification of licorice (Glycyrrhizia uralensis Fisch) and prediction of the glycyrrhizic acid (GA) content. LWT-Food Sci Technol 40:83–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.08.011
Wold S, Sjöström M (1977) SIMCA: a method for analysing chemical data in terms of similarity and analogy. In: Kowalski BR (ed) Chemometrics: theory and application, 52. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp 243–282
Wold S, Sjöström M (1987) Comments on a recent evaluation of the SIMCA method. J Chemom 1:243–245. https://doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180010406
Wold S, Martens H, Wold H (1983) The multivariate calibration problem in chemistry solved by the PLS method. In: Ruhe A, Kagstrøm B (eds) Matrix pencils: proceedings of a conference held at Pite Havsbad, Sweden, March 22-24, 1982, 973. Springer, Berlin, pp 286–296
Wold S, Johansson E, Cocchi M (1993) PLS: partial least squares projections to latent structures. In: Jubinyi H (ed) 3D QSAR in drug design: theory, methods and application. Kluwer Escom Science, Alphen aan den Rijn, pp 523–550
Yang Y, Battesti MJ, Djabou N, Muselli A, Paolini J, Tomi P, Costa J (2012) Melissopalynological origin determination and volatile composition analysis of Corsican “chestnut grove” honeys. Food Chem 132:2144–2154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.075
Yue HH, Qin SJ (2001) Reconstruction-based fault identification using a combined index. Ind Eng Chem Res 40:4403–4414
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Alessandro Nardecchia declares that he has no conflict of interest. Regina Presutto declares that she has no conflict of interest. Remo Bucci declares that he has no conflict of interest. Federico Marini declares that he has no conflict of interest. Alessandra Biancolillo declares that she has no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed Consent
Not applicable
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nardecchia, A., Presutto, R., Bucci, R. et al. Authentication of the Geographical Origin of “Vallerano” Chestnut by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics. Food Anal. Methods 13, 1782–1790 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01791-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01791-7