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Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy to Differentiate Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) Muscles of Game Species

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Abstract

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to distinguish between game meat from six different species, i.e. three medium-sized (impala, blesbok and springbok) and three large-sized (eland, black wildebeest and zebra) that were harvested (collected and slaughtered) from different farms across South Africa. Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle steaks were removed and scanned with a handheld NIR spectrophotometer in the spectral range of 908 to 1700 nm. Spectra were treated with two different pre-processing combinations: (1) smoothing, standard normal variate and de-trending (SNV-Detrend), and (2) SNV-Detrend and Savitzky-Golay 2nd derivative. Data were explored with principal component analysis (PCA) and classified with linear discriminant analysis (LDA), soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). For discrimination and classification, models were developed within each of the medium- and large-sized groups. LDA resulted in good classification accuracies ranging from 68 to 100%, irrespective of the pre-processing combination used. PLS-DA performed well (classification accuracies ranging from 70 to 96%) when spectra were treated with SNV-Detrend and Savitzky-Golay 2nd derivative. The prediction results obtained with SIMCA, pre-processed with smoothing and SNV-Detrend, ranged from 67% (springbok) to 100% (impala and eland). Although accurate models were obtained, they could still be improved by extending the sample set with meat samples from each species to cover variation in terms of season, geographical location, age and sex.

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Funding

This work is based on the research supported in part by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa (Unique Grant No. 94031); and South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) funded by the South African Department of Science and Technology (UID: 84633). The authors also wish to acknowledge Pioneer Foods Education and Community Trust, for their financial support providing a student grant for Pholisa Dumalisile.

Opinions expressed, and conclusions arrived at, are those of the authors and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa

    Pholisa Dumalisile, Marena Manley & Paul J. Williams

  2. Department of Animal Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa

    Louwrens Hoffman

  3. Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia

    Louwrens Hoffman

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  1. Pholisa Dumalisile
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Correspondence to Paul J. Williams.

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Conflict of Interest

Pholisa Dumalisile declares that she has no conflict of interest. Marena Manley declares that she has no conflict of interest. Louwrens Hoffman declares that he has no conflict of interest. Paul J. Williams declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted (Stellenbosch University (SU) Animal Care and Use Committee approval number: SU-ACUM14-001SOP).

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Dumalisile, P., Manley, M., Hoffman, L. et al. Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy to Differentiate Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) Muscles of Game Species. Food Anal. Methods 13, 1220–1233 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01739-x

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