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Classification of Grain Maize (Zea mays L.) from Different Geographical Origins with FTIR Spectroscopy—a Suitable Analytical Tool for Feed Authentication?

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Abstract

Feed is substantial in the production of animal food products and subject to regulations about traceability in the European Union. The geographical origin as one feature of authenticity was approached by spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This fast and non-destructive method may be used to identify suspicious samples and initiate further investigations. The aim of the feasibility study was the development of classification models based on authentic grain maize samples from three different countries. Grain maize was used as demonstrator for unprocessed feed materials due to its wide cultivation and trade. Attenuated total reflexion Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analyses were applied to differentiate grain maize samples by their geographical origin (Ukraine, USA, Peru). Several sample preparations and data preprocessings were tested based on the results of a hard and a soft classification method. Model validation was performed with separate test sets and permutation tests. The use of an optimal data preprocessing resulted in 100% sensitivity for solid samples in both classification models, whereas oil extraction resulted in 100% and 70% sensitivity, respectively. These findings indicate the feasibility of FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate classification to verify the geographical origin of grain maize.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank LAVES Stade and Oldenburg for providing samples from Ukraine, the Universidad de Trujillo in Peru for providing samples from Peru and Dr. P. Cotty from USDA Agricultural Research Service for providing samples from the USA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Safety in the Food Chain, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany

    Elisabeth Achten, Carsten Fauhl-Hassek, Janet Riedl & Bettina Horn

  2. Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany

    David Schütz & Markus Fischer

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  1. Elisabeth Achten
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  2. David Schütz
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  3. Markus Fischer
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  4. Carsten Fauhl-Hassek
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Correspondence to Carsten Fauhl-Hassek.

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Elisabeth Achten declares that she has no conflict of interest. David Schütz declares that he has no conflict of interest. Markus Fischer declares that he has no conflict of interest. Carsten Fauhl-Hassek declares that he has no conflict of interest. Janet Riedl declares that she has no conflict of interest. Bettina Horn declares that she has no conflict of interest.

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Achten, E., Schütz, D., Fischer, M. et al. Classification of Grain Maize (Zea mays L.) from Different Geographical Origins with FTIR Spectroscopy—a Suitable Analytical Tool for Feed Authentication?. Food Anal. Methods 12, 2172–2184 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-019-01558-9

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