Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Determination of Some Endocrine-Disrupting Metals and Organochlorinated Pesticide Residues in Baby Food and Infant Formula in Turkish Markets

  • Published:
Food Analytical Methods Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There is a paucity of data in respect of the nutritional quality of complementary foods for infants and young children aged between 6 and 12 months. In this study, we developed and validated an analytical method for determination of the endocrine-disrupting organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and elements (As, Cd, and Pb) in infant formula and baby foods. Therefore, it found out the contamination level of the both OCPs and some trace metals (As, Cd, and Pb) in widely consumed infant formula and baby food in Turkey. Metal concentrations in baby foods and infant formula were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Samples were digested with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in a microwave oven. Determination of 24 organochlorine pesticide residues in baby foods and infant formula was completed by using gas chromatography double mass spectrometry. QuEChERS extraction method was carried out in the sample preparation part. The analytical performance of the entire procedure, such as linearity, the detection of limit, limit of quantification, specificity/selectivity, recovery (%), and precision, were assessed. The recoveries ranged from 93% (As) to 100% (Pb) for elements 78–98% for organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs) at 100 ng mL−1. According to the results, lead, cadmium, and pesticides were not detected in any of the samples, while arsenic was detected in 16 samples.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alsberg CL, Schwartze EW (1919) Pharmacological action of Cd. Pharmacology 13:504–509

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreu V, Pico Y (2004) Determination of pesticides and their degradation products in soil: critical review and comparison of methods. Trends Anal Chem 23(10–11):772–789

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angel A, Barrachina C, Wu X, Ramirez-Gandolfo A, Norton GJ, Burlo F, Deacon C, Meharg AA (2012) Inorganic arsenic contents in rice-based infant foods from Spain, UK, China and USA. Environ Pollut 163:77–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çetinkaya S (2009) Endokrin çevre bozucular ve ergenlik üzerine etkileri. Dicle Tıp Dergisi 36(1):59–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Codex Alimentarius (1997) Codex general standard for contaminants and toxins in foods (Codex Stan 193–1995, Revised 1–1997)

  • Dearth RK, Hiney JK, Srivastava V, Burdick SB, Bratton GR, Dees WL (2002) Effects of lead (Pb) exposure during gestation and lactation on female pubertal development in the rat. Reprod Toxicol 16:343–352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, Zoeller RT, Gore AC (2009) Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an endocrine society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 30(4):293–342. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • EURACHEM (1998) The fitness for purpose of analytical methods: a laboratory guide to method validation and related topics. EURACHEM: Uppsala, Sweden, 75 pp.

  • Garrido Frenich A (2000) Mart’ınez Vidal JL, Moreno Fr’ıas M, Olea-Serrano F, Olea N. J of Mass Spectrom 35:967–975

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Georgescu B, Georgescu C, Dărăban S, Bouaru A, Paşcalău S (2011) Heavy metals acting as endocrine disrupters. Animal Science and Biotechnologies 44(2):89–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikema A, Nwankwoalab A, Odueyungboa S, Nyavora K, Egiebora N (2002) Levels of 26 elements in infant formula from USA, UK, and Nigeria by microwave digestion and ICP-OES. Food Chem 77:439–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jana K, Jana S, Samanta PK (2006) Effects of chronic exposure to sodium arsenite on hypothalamopituitary-testicular activities in adult rats: possible an estrogenic mode of action. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 4:9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MD, Kenney N, Stoica A, Hilakivi-Clarke L, Singh B, Chepko G, Clarke R, Sholler PF, Lirio AA, Foss C, Reiter R, Trock B, Paik S, Martin MB (2003) Cadmium mimics the in vivo effects of estrogen in the uterus and mammary gland. Nat Med 9:1081–1084

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilic S, Yenisoy-Karakaş S, Kilic M (20159 Metal contamination in fruit juices in Turkey: method validation and uncertainty budget. Food Anal Methods 8: 2487–2495, 2015

  • Koesukwiwat U, Lehotay SJ, Mastovska K, Dorweiler KJ, Leepipatpiboon N (2010) Extension of the QuEChERS method for pesticide residues in cereals to flaxseeds, peanuts, and doughs. J Agric Food Chem 58:5950–5958

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koo WW, Succop PA, Bornschein RL, Krug-Wispe SK, Steinchen JJ, Tsang RC, Berger OG (1991) Serum vitamin D metabolites and bone mineralization in young children with chronic low to moderate lead exposure. Pediatrics 87(5):680–687

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lavicoli I, Fontana L, Bergamaschi A (2009) The effects of metals as endocrine disruptors. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 12(3):206–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lesniewicz A, Wroz A, Wojcik A, Zyrnicki W (2010) Mineral and nutritional analysis of polish infant formulas. J Food Compos Anal 23:424–431

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu KS, Hao JH, Xu YQ, Gu XQ, Shi J, Dai CF, Xu F, Shen R (2013) Breast milk lead and cadmium levels in suburban areas of Nanjing, China. Chin Med Sci J Vol 28(1):7–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ljung K, Palm B, Grander M, Vahter M (2011) High concentrations of essential and toxic elements in infant formula and infant foods—a matter of concern. Food Chem 127:943–951

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay R, Plant JA, Bell JN, Voulvoulis N (2008) Endocrine disrupting pesticides: implications for risk assessment. Environ Int 34(2):168–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millour S, Noel L, Kadar A, Chekri R, Vastel C, Guerin T (2011) Simultaneous analysis of 21elements in food stuffs by ICP-MS after closed-vessel microwave digestion: method validation. J Food Compos Anal 24:111–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mnif W, Hassine AIH, Bouaziz A, Bartegi A, Thomas O, Roig B (2011) Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8(6):2265–2303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Örün E, Yalçın S, Aykut O, Orhan G, Koç G, Morgil Yurdakök K, Uzun R (2011) Breast milk lead and cadmium levels from suburban areas of Ankara. Sci Total Environ 409:2467–2472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandelova M, Lopez WL, Michalke B, Schramm KW (2012) Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn contents in baby foods from the EU market: comparison of assessed infant intakes with the present safety limits for minerals and trace elements. J Food Compos Anal 27:120–127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pombo M, Castro-Feijoo L (2005) Endocrine disruptors. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 18(1):1145–1155

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ronis MJ, Gandy J, Badger T (1998) Endocrine mechanisms underlying reproductive toxicity in the developing rat chronically exposed to dietary lead. J Toxicol Environ Health A 54:77–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SANCO/12571 (2013) Guidance document on analytical quality control and validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed. In: European commission health & consumer protection Directorate-general

    Google Scholar 

  • Saracoglu S, Kadriye O, Saygi O, Uluozlu D, Tuzen M, Soylak M (2007) Determination of trace element contents of baby foods from Turkey. Food Chem 105:280–285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schachterle S, Brittain RD, Mills JD (1994) Analysis of pesticide residues in food using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with a benchtop ion trap mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr A 683:185–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabb MM, Blumberg B (2006) New models of action for endocrine disrupting chemicals. Mol Endocrinol 20:475–482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2006) Environmental health criteria 237. Principles for evaluating health risks in children associated with exposure to chemicals

    Google Scholar 

  • Witorsch RJ, Thomas JA (2010) Personal care products and endocrine disruption: a critical review of the literature. Crit Rev Toxicol 40(3):1–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zand N, Chowdhry BZ, Zotor FB, Wray DS, Amuna P, Pullen FS (2011) Essential and trace elements content of commercial infant foods in the UK. Food Chem 128:123–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zand N, Chowdhry BZ, Wray DS, Pullen FS, Snowden MJ (2012) Elemental content of commercial “ready to-feed” poultry and fish based infant foods in the UK. Food Chem 135:2796–2801

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Food Safety and Agricultural Research Center, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey

    Serpil Kilic, Timur Tongur, Murat Kilic & Taner Erkaymaz

Authors
  1. Serpil Kilic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Timur Tongur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Murat Kilic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Taner Erkaymaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Serpil Kilic.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Serpil Kilic declares that she has no conflict of interest. Timur Tongur declares that he has no conflict of interest. Murat Kilic declares that he has no conflict of interest. Taner Erkaymaz declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any study with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed Consent

Informed consent is not applicable in this study. Not applicable.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kilic, S., Tongur, T., Kilic, M. et al. Determination of Some Endocrine-Disrupting Metals and Organochlorinated Pesticide Residues in Baby Food and Infant Formula in Turkish Markets. Food Anal. Methods 11, 3352–3361 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-018-1299-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-018-1299-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation