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2-(4-Amino)-Phenyl-1-Hydrogen-Phenanthrene [9,10-d] Imidazole as a Novel Fluorescent Labeling Reagent for Determination of Fatty Acids in Raspberry

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Abstract

A novel method has been established for the rapid separation and determination of free fatty acids from 37 different varieties of raspberry. In this study, a new fluorescent labeling reagent for fatty acids, 2-(4-amino)-phenyl-1-hydrogen-phenanthrene [9, 10-d] imidazole (PIA), has been synthesized and successfully applied to the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination of fatty acids in raspberry. The novel method has been optimized by HPLC with fluorescence detection and online mass spectrometry identification (HPLC–FLD–MS/MS). The 22 main fatty acids (FAs) present in raspberry were derivatized by PIA and separated on a reversed-phase Hypersil GOLD column with gradient elution. The main experimental parameters affecting extraction efficiency and derivatization yield were investigated and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box–Behnken design (BBD). Under the optimum conditions, the method was successfully applied for the analysis of 22 fatty acids in 37 different varieties of raspberry. Good linear correlations were observed for all fatty acids with correlation coefficients of > 0.9978. Limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) were in the range of 0.12 to 0.49 ng/mL and 1.07 to 2.81 ng/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicated that the raspberries were rich in fatty acids, but the contents of the fatty acids varied among the different varieties.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge financial support from major science and technology projects of Qinghai province: utilization and development with high value and further process technology of medlar (2015-NK-A2), the unit of science and technology office of Qinghai province: manufacture integration technology and demonstration of high standards medlar with antioxidant and anti-cohesion (2015-SF-120), Qinghai Provincial Science Foundation (2016-ZJ-928Q) and CAS “Light of West China” Program (2016): Study on the effect of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. anthocyanin on the liver – protecting.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, People’s Republic of China

    Yuwei Wang, Guangxiang Luan, Wu Zhou, Jinmao You, Na Hu & Yourui Suo

  2. State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, 23 Xin’ning Road, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, People’s Republic of China

    Yuwei Wang, Wu Zhou, Jinmao You, Na Hu & Yourui Suo

  3. University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Yuwei Wang, Guangxiang Luan & Wu Zhou

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  1. Yuwei Wang
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  2. Guangxiang Luan
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  3. Wu Zhou
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  5. Na Hu
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Correspondence to Na Hu or Yourui Suo.

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Yuwei Wang declares that she has no conflict of interest. Guangxiang Luan declares that he has no conflict of interest. Wu Zhou declares that he has no conflict of interest. Jinmao You declares that he has no conflict of interest. Na Hu declares that she has no conflict of interest. Yourui Suo declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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Wang, Y., Luan, G., Zhou, W. et al. 2-(4-Amino)-Phenyl-1-Hydrogen-Phenanthrene [9,10-d] Imidazole as a Novel Fluorescent Labeling Reagent for Determination of Fatty Acids in Raspberry. Food Anal. Methods 11, 451–465 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-1016-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-1016-x

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