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Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ion Chromatography System for the Simultaneous Determination of Vanillin, Ethyl Vanillin, and Inorganic Anions in Food Samples

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Abstract

A simple hyphenated ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-ion chromatography (UHPLC-IC) column-switching analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and six inorganic anions (i.e., BrO3 −, Cl−, NO2 −, ClO3 −, NO3 −, and SO4 2−) in food samples. A fast ultrasound-assisted extraction method with a solvent of acetonitrile/water (3:2, v/v) was utilized. Methanol/water (30:70, v/v) and 13 mmol/L KOH were used as eluents for separation. An IonPac AG19 column was applied as the concentration column for the online pre-concentration of anions. The C18 column functioned as the analytical column for the separation of organic compounds and as the online matrix elimination column for inorganic anions. The effects of the analytical variables were systematically studied and optimized. Under optimal experimental conditions, the limits of detection for vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and inorganic anions ranged from 6.2 to 27 μg/L. The relative standard deviations of the retention time and peak area were less than 1.36 and 3.05%, respectively. The spiked recoveries were 95.73–107.3%. Experimental results demonstrated that the hyphenated UHPLC-IC column-switching analytical method could be successfully applied for the analysis of vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and inorganic anions in food samples.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China

    Fenglian Wang, Kai Zhang, Nadeem Muhammad & Yan Zhu

  2. Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China

    Nani Wang

  3. Zhejiang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Hangzhou, 310007, China

    Shuchao Wu

Authors
  1. Fenglian Wang
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  2. Kai Zhang
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  3. Nani Wang
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  4. Nadeem Muhammad
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  5. Shuchao Wu
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  6. Yan Zhu
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Nani Wang or Yan Zhu.

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Funding

This study was funded by National Science Foundation of China (No. 21405141), Key Laboratory of Furniture Inspection Technology of Zhejiang Province (No. 2016J05), National Important Project on Science Instrument (Nos. 2012YQ09022903), Zhejiang Provincial Medicinal Foundation (Nos. 2016RCB003 and 2016ZQ003), and Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province.

Conflict of Interest

Fenglian Wang declares that she has no conflict of interest. Kai Zhang declares that he has no conflict of interest. Nani Wang declares that she has no conflict of interest. Muhammad Nadeem declares that he has no conflict of interest. Shuchao Wu declares that he has no conflict of interest. Yan Zhu declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Wang, F., Zhang, K., Wang, N. et al. Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ion Chromatography System for the Simultaneous Determination of Vanillin, Ethyl Vanillin, and Inorganic Anions in Food Samples. Food Anal. Methods 11, 243–250 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-0994-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-0994-z

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