Abstract
A slurry sampling method was described for the determination of total fluorine in flour via molecular absorption of calcium monofluoride (CaF) at 660.440 nm using a high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (HR-CS GF AAS). The slurries were prepared in 1 % Triton X-100, kept in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min, mixed in a shaker for 5 min (750 rpm), and then vortexed for 30 s shortly before sampling. The samples were mixed with 40 μg of Ca in the graphite furnace, pyrolyzed at 900 °C, and the absorbances for CaF were measured at 2200 °C. The LOD and characteristic mass of the method were 0.22 and 0.16 ng, respectively. The F concentrations of certified reference bush branches and leaves were determined in the uncertainty limits of the certified values. Finally, the F concentrations of different types of flours were determined applying the optimized conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Public Health Association (1995) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. AWWA, WEF, Baltimore, MD, USA
Baysal A, Tokman N, Akman S, Ozeroglu C (2008) Slurry analysis after lead collection on a sorbent and its determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. J Hazard Mater 150:804–808. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.033
Borges AR, Becker EM, Dessuy MB, Vale MGR, Welz B (2014a) Investigation of chemical modifiers for the determination of lead in fertilizers and limestone using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman-effect background correction and slurry sampling. Spectrochim Acta B At Spectrosc 92:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2013.11.001
Borges AR, Francois LL, Welz B, Carasek E, Vale MGR (2014b) Determination of fluorine in plant materials via calcium mono-fluoride using high-resolution graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry with direct solid sample introduction. J Anal At Spectrom 29:1564–1569. doi:10.1039/C4ja00067f
Borges AR, Duarte ÁT, Potes ML, Silva MM, Vale MGR, Welz B (2016) Fluorine in eye shadow: development of method using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry via calcium mono-fluoride with direct solid sample introduction. Microchem J 124:410–415. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2015.09.025
Bücker S, Acker J (2012) Spectrometric analysis of process etching solutions of the photovoltaic industry—determination of HNO3, HF, and H2SiF6 using high-resolution continuum source absorption spectrometry of diatomic molecules and atoms. Talanta 94:335–341. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2012.03.052
Butcher DJ (1993) Determination of fluorine, chlorine, and bromine by molecular absorption spectrometry. Microchem J 48:303–317. doi:10.1006/mchj.1993.1104
de Andrade CK, dos Anjos VE, Felsner ML, Torres YR, Quináia SP (2014) Direct determination of Cd, Pb and Cr in honey by slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chem 146:166–173. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.065
Dittrich K (1978) Molekülabsorptionsspektrometrie bei elektrothermischer verdampfung in einer graphitrohrküvette : I. Grundlagen der methode und untersuchungen über die molekülabsorption von Ga- und In-halogeniden Molecular absorption spectrometry by electrothermal volatilization in a graphite furnace. Part 1. Basis of the method and studies of the molecular absorption of gallium and indium halides. Anal Chim Acta 97:59–68. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83275-X
Dittrich K, Vorberg B (1982) Molecular absorption spectrometry with electrothermal volatilization in a graphite tube.7. A study of molecular absorption of alkaline-earth halides and determination of traces of fluoride and chloride based on molecular absorption of Mgf and Mgcl molecules. Anal Chim Acta 140:237–248. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(01)95470-4
Gleisner H, Welz B, Einax JW (2010) Optimization of fluorine determination via the molecular absorption of gallium mono-fluoride in a graphite furnace using a high-resolution continuum source spectrometer. Spectrochim Acta B At Spectrosc 65:864–869. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2010.08.003
Gleisner H, Einax JW, Mores S, Welz B, Carasek E (2011) A fast and accurate method for the determination of total and soluble fluorine in toothpaste using high-resolution graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry and its comparison with established techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 54:1040–1046. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.013
Huang MD, Becker-Ross H, Okruss M, Geisler S, Florek S, Richter S, Meckelburg A (2014) Direct determination of fluorine in niobium oxide using slurry sampling electrothermal high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry Spectrochimica Acta Part B:34–38
Kissa E (1983) Determination of fluoride at low concentrations with the ion-selective electrode. Anal Chem 55:1445–1448. doi:10.1021/ac00259a065
Kruger M, Huang MD, Becker-Ross H, Florek S, Ott I, Gust R (2012) Quantification of the fluorine containing drug 5-fluorouracil in cancer cells by GaF molecular absorption via high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta B 69:50–55. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2012.02.004
Machado PM, Morés S, Pereira ÉR, Welz B, Carasek E, de Andrade JB (2015) Fluorine determination in coal using high-resolution graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry and direct solid sample analysis. Spectrochim Acta B At Spectrosc 105:18–24. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2014.08.001
Marthaler TM (1992) Age-adjusted limits of fluoride intake to minimize the prevalence of fluorosis. J Biol Buccale 20:121–127
Mores S, Monteiro GC, Santos FD, Carasek E, Welz B (2011) Determination of fluorine in tea using high-resolution molecular absorption spectrometry with electrothermal vaporization of the calcium mono-fluoride CaF. Talanta 85:2681–2685. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.044
Nakadi FV, Rosa LR, da Veiga MAMS (2013) Determination of sulfur in coal and ash slurry by high-resolution continuum source electrothermal molecular absorption spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta B 88:80–84. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2013.04.011
Ozbek N, Akman S (2012a) Method development for the determination of fluorine in water samples via the molecular absorption of strontium monofluoride formed in an electrothermal atomizer. Spectrochim Acta B At Spectrosc 69:32–37. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2012.03.003
Ozbek N, Akman S (2012b) A slurry sampling method for the determination of iron and zinc in baby food by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Addit Contam A 29:208–216. doi:10.1080/19440049.2011.631193
Ozbek N, Akman S (2013) Molecule formation mechanisms of strontium mono fluoride in high-resolution continuum source electrothermal atomic absorption spectromerty. Anal Sci 29:741–746
Ozbek N, Akman S (2014) Determination of fluorine in milk and water via molecular absorption of barium monofluoride by high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer. Microchem J 117:111–115. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2014.06.013
Ozbek N, Akman S (2015) Determination of fluorine in Turkish wines by molecular absorbance of CaF using a high resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer LWT. Food Sci Technol 61:112–116
Soares AR, Nascentes CC (2013) Method for determination of lead in hair dyes using slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Lett 46:356–366. doi:10.1080/00032719.2012.710868
Tsunoda K, Chiba K, Haraguchi H, Fuwa K (1979) Platinum atomic lines for determination of ultratrace fluoride by aluminum monofluoride molecular absorption spectrometry. Anal Chem 51:2059–2061. doi:10.1021/ac50048a044
Umile C, Huber JFK (1993) Determination of inorganic and organic anions in one run by ion chromatography with column switching. J Chromatogr A 640:27–31. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(93)80164-4
USA Public Service Department of Health and Human Services (1991) Revıew of fluorıde: benefıts and rısks. publıc health servıce department of health and human servıces, USA
Vignola F, Borges DLG, Curtius AJ, Welz B, Becker-Ross H (2010) Simultaneous determination of Cd and Fe in sewage sludge by high-resolution continuum source electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with slurry sampling. Microchem J 95:333–336. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2010.01.014
Wang P, Li SFY, Lee HK (1997) Simultaneous determination of monofluorophosphate and fluoride in toothpaste by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 765:353–359. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(96)00926-0
Welz B, Lepri FG, Araujo RGO, Ferreira SLC, Huang MD, Okruss M, Becker-Ross H (2009) Determination of phosphorus, sulfur and the halogens using high-temperature molecular absorption spectrometry in flames and furnaces—a review. Analytica Chimica Acta 647:137–148. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.029
Ye P, Guo W, Zhang P, Jin L (2015) Heat-assisted slurry sampling GFAAS method for determination of lead in food standard reference materials. J Food Compos Anal 42:78–83. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2015.03.007
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Funding
This study was not funded by any agencies/institutes.
Conflict of Interest
Nil Ozbek declares that she has no conflict of interest.
Suleyman Akman declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
For this type of study, formal consent is not required. This study does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed Constent
Not applicable.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ozbek, N., Akman, S. Optimization and Application of a Slurry Sampling Method for the Determination of Total Fluorine in Flour Using a High-Resolution Continuum Source Graphite Furnace Molecular Absorption Spectrometer. Food Anal. Methods 9, 2925–2932 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0488-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0488-4