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Ionic Liquid-Based Vortex-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for Simultaneous Determination of Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Fruit Juice Samples

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Abstract

A simple, rapid, and effective method was developed for preconcentration of neonicotinoid insecticides including clothianidin, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid in fruit juice samples. Room-temperature ionic liquids [C4MIM][PF6] can be used as green extractant phases in vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (VALLME), being compatible with high-performance liquid chromatographic systems. The effect of extraction parameters, including the addition of salt, volume of (C4MIM)(PF6), vortex time, and centrifugation time is identified as the key parameters of the method. Under the selected conditions, the high enrichment factors of 100 could be achieved with the limit of detection in the range of 0.25–0.30 ng mL−1 and with the relative standard deviations of lower than 2.68 and 5.38 % for retention time and peak area, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of fruit juice samples, and the recoveries of the analytes ranged from 95 to 108 % and relative standard deviations were lower than 7 %. The developed method proposes advantages in reduction of the exposure danger to toxic organic solvents used in the conventional liquid–liquid extraction, simplicity of the extraction processes, rapidity, and sensitivity improvement.

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Acknowledgments

This article is dedicated to Professor Dr. Kate Grudpan (Chiang Mai University, Thailand) in celebration of his 60th birthday. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supports of this research by the Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, the Thailand Research Fund (TRF), and Mahasarakham University, through the TRF Grant for New Scholars (grant no. TRG5780060) and some special supports from Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University.

Conflict of Interest

Jitlada Vichapong declares that she has no conflict of interest. Rodjana Burakham declares that she has no conflict of interest. Supalax Srijaranai declares that she has no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Creative Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand

    Jitlada Vichapong

  2. Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Rodjana Burakham & Supalax Srijaranai

Authors
  1. Jitlada Vichapong
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  2. Rodjana Burakham
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  3. Supalax Srijaranai
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Correspondence to Jitlada Vichapong.

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Vichapong, J., Burakham, R. & Srijaranai, S. Ionic Liquid-Based Vortex-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for Simultaneous Determination of Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Fruit Juice Samples. Food Anal. Methods 9, 419–426 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0209-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0209-4

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