Abstract
A vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification–solidification liquid microextraction (VASEME-SFO) has been proposed for the determination of triazine and phenylurea herbicides in milk. 1-Dodecanol was used as the extraction solvent and dispersed into the aqueous samples by the assistance of a vortex mixer. Meanwhile, the addition of a surfactant, which was used as an emulsifier, could enhance the speed of the mass transfer from aqueous samples to the extract solvent. Acetic acid and Na2SO4 were applied and used to eliminate interference by proteins and fats. The influence of various parameters in the VASEME-SFO such as the type and volume of the extraction solvent, the type and concentration of the surfactant, and the vortex time, salt addition, and sample solution pH were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) reached ranges of 0.005–0.09 and 0.015–0.30 μg L−1, respectively. Dynamic linear ranges (DLRs) of 0.2–200 and 2–400 μg L−1 were obtained for triazine and phenylurea herbicides, respectively. The performance of the method was evaluated for extraction and determination of these herbicides in milk in micrograms per liter, and satisfactory results were obtained (RSD < 10.6 %).
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Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the topic “the research of dispersive liquid phase microextraction techniques applied in the analysis of pesticide residues in environment” belonging to “the Natural Science Foundations of Hebei province” (B2011405007), “Study of storage stability for pesticide residue sample,” the project “National Natural Science Foundation of China” (21177155), “the research of sample pretreatment technology in pesticide residue analysis,” the project “Innovative Talent Foundation of Hebei North University” (CXRC1301 and CXTD1306), and “Hebei Food and Drug Administration” (PT2014051).
Conflict of Interest
Dong Wei, Zhi Hong Huang, Suli Wang, Zhenfu Guo, and Jun Li declare that they have no conflict of interest. Suli Wang has received research grants from the projects “the Natural Science Foundations of Hebei province” and “National Natural Science Foundation of China.” Dong Wei, Zhi Hong Huang, Zhenfu Guo, and Jun Li have received research grants from the project “Innovative Talent Foundation of Hebei North University.” This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.
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Wei, D., Huang, Z.H., Wang, S. et al. Determination of Herbicides in Milk Using Vortex-Assisted Surfactant-Enhanced Emulsification Microextraction Based on the Solidification of a Floating Organic Droplet. Food Anal. Methods 9, 427–436 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0180-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0180-0