Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Application of Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Five Phenolic Compounds from Fig (Ficus carica L.) for HPLC-UV

  • Published:
Food Analytical Methods Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (IL-UAE) was successfully developed to extract the known phenolics gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, psoralen, and bergapten present in the leaves, pulps, and peels of Ficus carica L. In this work, the proposed method was evaluated in comparison with regular ultrasonic-assisted extraction in which methanol was the extractant and exhibited higher efficiency. Moreover, ionic liquids with different cations were investigated and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole hexafluorophosphate solution was selected as the optimal extractant at concentration of 1.0 mol L−1. The corresponding extraction parameters including extraction solvent, the concentration of [BMIM][PF6], solid–liquid ratio (g mL−1), ultrasonic extraction time, and extraction temperature were optimized. The phenolics were then determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under the optimized conditions, the content of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, psoralen, and bergapten in leaves, pulps, and peels of F. carica L. was 12.67–37.16, 14.75–90.07, 107.91–222.37, 2.59–67.83, and 1.99–20.21 μg/0.1 g, respectively. This study suggests that IL-UAE is a rapid, simple, and green preparation technique.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aghel N, Kalantari H, Rezazadeh S (2011) Effect of Ficus carica leaf extract on mice intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride. Iran J Pharm Res 10:63–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Barros F, Dykes L, Awika JM, Rooney LW (2013) Accelerated solvent extraction of phenolic compounds from sorghum brans. J Cereal Sci 58:305–312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bey MB, Louaileche H, Zemouri S (2013) Optimization of phenolic compound recovery and antioxidant activity of light and dark dried fig (Ficus carica L.) varieties. Food Sci Biotechnol 22:1613–1619

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat MZA, Ali DM, Mir SR (2013) Anti-diabetic activity of Ficus carica L. stem barks and isolation of two new flavonol esters from the plant by using spectroscopical techniques. Asian J Biomed Pharm Sci 3:22–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Canal JR, Torres MD, Romero A, Pérez C (2000) A chloroform extract obtained from a decoction of Ficus carica leaves improves the cholesterolaemic status of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Acta Physiol Hung 87:71–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caro AD, Piga A (2008) Polyphenol composition of peel and pulp of two Italian fresh fig fruits cultivars (Ficus carica L.). Eur Food Res Technol 226:715–719

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chi CY, Shi B, Liang P, Li JM, Yoichiro I (2009) Isolation and purification of psoralen and bergapten from Ficus carica L. leaves by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 32:136–143

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chun S, Dzyuba SV, Bartsch RA (2001) Influence of structural variation in room-temperature ionic liquids on the selectivity and efficiency of competitive alkali metal salt extraction by a crown ether. Anal Chem 73:3737–3741

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conforti F, Menichini G, Zanfini L, Tundis R, Statti GA, Provenzano E, Menichini F, Somma F, Alfano C (2012) Evaluation of phototoxic potential of aerial components of the fig tree against human melanoma. Cell Prolif 45:279–285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Z, Lue BM, Thomasen K, Meyer AS, Xu XB (2007) Predictions of flavonoid solubility in ionic liquids by COSMO-RS: experimental verification, structural elucidation, and solvation characterization. Green Chem 9:1362–1373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jagathambal M, Madhavan K, Parvathi V, Karunakaran G (2011) Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of seven solvent extracts of dried fruit of Ficus carica against five human pathogenic bacteria. J Pharm Res 4:4498

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeong WS, Lachance PA (2001) Phytosterols and fatty acids in fig (Ficus carica, var. Mission) fruit and tree components. J Food Sci 66:278–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konyalιog˘lu S, Sag˘lam H, Kιvak B (2005) α-Tocopherol, flavonoid, and phenol contents and antioxidant activity of Ficus carica leaves. Pharm Biol 43:683–686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liang P, Wang F, Wan Q (2013) Ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of four fungicides in environmental water samples. Talanta 105:57–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meric S, Gulum S, Serpil S (2012) Microwave assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from sour cherry pomace. Sep Sci Technol 47:1248–1254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muñiz-Márquez DB, Martínez-Ávila GC, Wong-Paz JE, Belmares-Cerda R, Rodríguez-Herrera R, Aguilar CN (2013) Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Laurus nobilis L. and their antioxidant activity. Ultrason Sonochem 20:1149–1154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orhan IE, Ustün O, Sener B (2011) Estimation of cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant effects of the leaf extracts of Anatolian Ficus carica var. domestica and their total phenol and flavonoid contents. Nat Prod Commun 6:375–378

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pande G, Akoh CC (2010) Organic acids, antioxidant capacity, phenolic content and lipid characterization of georgia-grown underutilized fruit crops. Food Chem 120:1067–1075

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubnov S, Kashman Y, Rabinowitz R, Schlesinger M, Mechoulam R (2001) Suppressors of cancer cell proliferation from fig (Ficus carica) resin: isolation and structure elucidation. J Nat Prod 64:993

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santos DT, Veggi PC, Meireles MAA (2012a) Optimization and economic evaluation of pressurized liquid extraction of phenolic compounds from jabuticaba skins. J Food Eng 108:444–452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santos SAO, Villaverde JJ, Silva CM, Neto CP, Silvestre AJD (2012b) Supercritical fluid extraction of phenolic compounds from Eucalyptus globulus Labill bark. J Supercrit Fluids 71:71–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slatnar A, Klanca U, Stampar F, Veberic R (2011) Effect of drying of figs (Ficus carica L.) on the contents of sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem 59:11696–11702

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slavin JL (2006) Figs: past, present and future. Nutr Today 41:180–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon A, Golubowicz S, Yablowicz Z, Grossman S, Bergman M, Gottlieb HE, Altman A, Kerem Z, Flaishman MA (2006) Antioxidant activities and anthocyanin content of fresh fruits of common fig (Ficus carica L.). J Agric Food Chem 54:7717–7723

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun P, Armstrong DW (2010) Ionic liquids in analytical chemistry. Anal Chim Acta 661:1–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira DM, Patão RF, Coelho AV, da Costa CT (2006) Comparison between sample disruption methods and solid–liquid extraction (SLE) to extract phenolic compounds from Ficus carica leaves. J Chromatogr A 1103:22–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ullman SB (1952) The inhibitory and necrosis-inducing effects of the latex of Ficus carica L. on transplanted and spontaneous tumours. Exp Med Surg 10:26–49

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ullman SB, Clark GM, Roan KM (1952) The effects of the fraction R3 of the latex of Ficus carica L. on the tissues of mice bearing spontaneous mammary tumors. Exp Med Surg 10:287–305

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vallejo F, Marín JG, Tomás-Barberán FA (2012) Phenolic compound content of fresh and dried figs (Ficus carica L.). Food Chem 130:485–492

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veberic R, Colaric M, Stampar F (2008) Phenolic acids and flavonoids of fig fruit (Ficus carica L.) in the northern Mediterranean region. Food Chem 106:153–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang GT, Wang H, Song YY, Jia CX, Wang ZY, Xu HZ (2004) Studies on anti-HSV effect of Ficus carica leaves. Zhong Yao Cai 27:754–756

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang XS, Wu YF, Chen GY, Yue W, Liang QL, Wu QN (2013) Optimisation of ultrasound assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Sparganii rhizomawith response surface methodology. Ultrason Sonochem 20:846–854

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu H, Chen M, Fan Y, Elsebaei F, Zhu Y (2012) Determination of rutin and quercetin in Chinese herbal medicine by ionic liquid-based pressurized liquid extraction-liquid chromatography-chemiluminescence detection. Talanta 88:222–229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu YY, Zhang W, Cao SW (2007) Extraction of ferulic acid and caffeic acid with ionic liquids. Chin J Anal Chem 35:1726–1730

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng H, Wang YZ, Kong JH, Nie C, Yuan Y (2010) Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of rutin from Chinese medicinal plants. Talanta 83:582

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang LJ, Liu JF, Zhang PP, Yan SJ, He XY, Chen F (2011) Ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted extraction of chlorogenic acid from Lonicera japonica Thunb. Chromatographia 73:129–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21277110).

Conflict of Interest

Guangming Zhou declares that he has no conflict of interest. Hongying Qin declares that she has no conflict of interest. Guilong Peng declares that he has no conflict of interest. Junping Li declares that she has no conflict of interest. Junhua Chen declares that he has no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China

    Hongying Qin, Guangming Zhou, Guilong Peng, Junping Li & Junhua Chen

Authors
  1. Hongying Qin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Guangming Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Guilong Peng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Junping Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Junhua Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Hongying Qin or Guangming Zhou.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Qin, H., Zhou, G., Peng, G. et al. Application of Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Five Phenolic Compounds from Fig (Ficus carica L.) for HPLC-UV. Food Anal. Methods 8, 1673–1681 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-014-0047-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-014-0047-9

Key words

Search

Navigation