Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

A Genetic Study of a Salix Germplasm Resource Reveals New Insights into Relationships Among Subgenera, Sections and Species

  • Published:
BioEnergy Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Genetic relationships among 154 genotypes, including 50 species, held within the UK National Willow Collection were analysed using nine primer combinations in an optimised fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP®) protocol. The AFLP® data resolved relationships at all levels, from discriminating between closely related accessions to differentiating among majority of species, sections and subgenera. The neighbour-joining dendrogram split accessions into three major well-supported clusters, two of which comprised species of the subgenera Vetrix and Salix. Surprisingly, the third (98% bootstrap support) comprised only Salix triandra accessions. The genetic similarity (GS) between S. triandra and Salix or Vetrix was similar (0.39 and 0.40, respectively) and greater than the genetic similarity between Salix and Vetrix (GS = 0.57). Separate clustering of S. triandra is also supported by hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), that partitioned 31.4% of the total variance between these three groups, whereas only 16.3% was partitioned between the two subgenera. These results challenge all current classifications which assign S. triandra to subgenus Salix. Principal coordinate analysis gave corresponding results and facilitated interpretation of relationships among species within sections of the two subgenera, which are discussed. The study included 40 species which have been used in breeding, and the findings will facilitate the choice of parents and interpretation of the results of different crosses, on the basis of more accurate knowledge of genetic relationships. AFLPs® also detected identical genotypes (within the limits of AFLP® error) which should not be used as distinct parents in breeding programmes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+
from $39.99 /Month
  • Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
  • Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
  • Cancel anytime
View plans

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, books and news in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  1. Aravanopoulos FA, Kim KH, Zsuffa L (1999) Genetic diversity of superior Salix clones selected for intensive forestry plantations. Biomass Bioenergy 16:249–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Argus GW (1997) Infrageneric classification of Salix (Salicaceae) in the New World. Systematic botany monographs, vol. 52. The American Society of Plant Taxonomists, USA

    Google Scholar 

  3. Argus GW (1999) Classification of Salix in the New World. Botanical Electronic News (BEN) 227. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botanymicro/ben227.html. Cited 5 July 1999

  4. Azuma T, Kajita T, Yokoyama J (2000) Phylogenetic relationships of Salix (Salicaceae) based on rbcL sequence data. Am J Bot 87:67–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Barker JHA (1999) Characterisation of genetic diversity in potential biomass willows (Salix spp.) by RAPD and AFLP® analyses. Genome 42:173–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Baxter DA, Sage RB, Hall DO (1996) A methodology for assessing gamebird use of short rotation coppice. Biomass Bioenergy 10:301–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Beismann H, Barker JHA, Karp A et al (1997) AFLP® analysis sheds light on distribution of two Salix species and their hybrid along a natural gradient. Mol Ecol 6:989–993

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Brunsfeld SJ, Soltis DE, Soltis PS (1991) Patterns of genetic variation in Salix section Longifoliae (Salicaceae). Am J Bot 78:855–869

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Brunsfeld SJ, Soltis DE, Soltis PS (1992) Evolutionary patterns and processes in Salix sect Longifoliae—evidence from chloroplast DNA. Syst Bot 17:239–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Buechler W (1986) New chromosome counts in Salix. 2. Bot Helv 96:135–143

    Google Scholar 

  11. Chong DKX, Yeh FC, Aravanopoulos FA et al (1995) DNA-fingerprinting willows (Salix L.) using polymerase chain-reaction with the M13 universal primer. Scand J For Res 10:27–31

    Google Scholar 

  12. Collins CM, Fellowes MDE, Sage RB et al (2001) Host selection and performance of the giant willow aphid, Tuberolachnus salignus Gmelin—implications for pest management. Agric For Entomol 3:183–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Dice LR (1945) Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species. Ecology 26:297–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Dorn RD (1976) Synopsis of American Salix. Can J Bot 54:2769–2789

    Google Scholar 

  15. Edwards KJ (1996) Microsatellite libraries enriched for several microsatellite sequences in plants. BioTechniques 20:758–760

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM (1992) Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131:479–491

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Fang Z, Zhao S, Skvortsov AK (1999) Salicaceae. In: Wu Z, Raven PH (eds) Flora of China. Science Press - Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing - St. Louis

  18. Gäumann E (1959) Die rostpilze mitteleuropas. Buechler, Bern

    Google Scholar 

  19. Godley A, Alker G, Hallett J et al (2004) Landfill leachate nutrient recovery by willow short rotation coppice: I. Yield, tissue composition and wood quality. Arboric J 27:281–295

    Google Scholar 

  20. Guo YP, Vogl C, Van Loo M et al (2006) Hybrid origin and differentiation of two tetraploid Achillea species in East Asia: molecular, morphological and ecogeographical evidence. Mol Ecol 15:133–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hakansson A (1956) Chromosome number and meiosis in Salix (grandifolia × gracilistyla) × S (silesiaca × aegyptiaca). Hereditas 42:519–520

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hall RL, Allen SJ, Rosier PTW et al (1998) Transpiration from coppiced poplar and willow measured using sap-flow methods. Agric For Meteorol 90:275–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Hanley S, Barker JHA, Van Ooijen JW et al (2002) A genetic linkage map of willow (Salix viminalis) based on AFLP® and microsatellite markers. Theor Appl Genet 105:1087–1096

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hjalten J, Niemi L, Wennstrom A et al (2007) Variable responses of natural enemies to Salix triandra phenotypes with different secondary chemistry. Oikos 116:751–758

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hodkinson ID, Flynn DH, Shackel SC (1998) Relative susceptibility of Salix clones to chrysomelid beetles: evidence from the Stott willow collection at Ness. Eur J For Pathol 28:271–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Kadis I (2005) Chosenia: an amazing tree of Northeast Asia. Arnoldia 63(3):8–17

    Google Scholar 

  27. Keoleian GA, Volk TA (2005) Renewable energy from willow biomass crops: life cycle energy, environmental and economic performance. Crit Rev Plant Sci 24:385–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Kolehmainen J, Julkunentiitto R, Roininen H et al (1995) Phenolic glucosides as feeding cues for willow-feeding leaf beetles. Entomol Exp Appl 74:235–243

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Koopman WJUM (2000) Identifying lettuce species (Lactuca subsect. Lactuca, Asteraceae): a practical application of flow cytometry. Euphytica 116:151–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Kuzovkina YA, Weih M, Romero MA et al (2008) Salix: botany and global horticulture. In: Janick J (ed) Horticultural reviews. vol. 34. Wiley, New York, pp 447–489

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  31. Larsson G (1995) Nomenclatural remarks on the Salix viminalis group in Norden. Nord J Bot 15:343–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Leskinen E, Alstrom-Rapaport C (1999) Molecular phylogeny of Salicaceae and closely related Flacourtiaceae: evidence from 5.8 S, ITS 1 and ITS 2 of the rDNA. Plant Syst Evol 215:209–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Lindegaard KN, Parfitt RI, Donaldson G, et al (2001) Comparative trials of elite Swedish and UK biomass willow varieties. In: Bullard M, Christian D, Knight J, Lainsbury M, Parker S (eds) Aspects of applied biology: biomass and energy crops II, vol. 65, pp 183–192

  34. Linnaeus C (1753) Species plantarum. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ [Stockholm]

    Google Scholar 

  35. Meier B, Shao Y, Julkunen-Tiito R et al (1992) A chemotaxonomic survey of phenolic compounds in Swiss willow species. Proc R Soc Edinb Sect B Biol Sci 98:229–232

    Google Scholar 

  36. Meikle RD (1984) Willows and poplars of Great Britain and Ireland. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London

    Google Scholar 

  37. Meneghetti S, Barcaccia G, Paiero P et al (2007) Genetic characterization of Salix alba L. and Salix fragilis L. by means of different PCR-derived marker systems. Plant Biosyst 141:283–291

    Google Scholar 

  38. Meudt HM, Clarke AC (2007) Almost forgotten or latest practice? AFLP® applications, analyses and advances. Trends Plant Sci 12:106–117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Mosseler A (1990) Hybrid performance and species crossability relationships in willows (Salix). Can J Bot 68:2329–2338

    Google Scholar 

  40. Neumann A, Polatschek A (1972) Cytotaxonomic investigations of Salix spp. Ann Naturhist Mus Wien A Mineral Petrol Geol Palaeontol Archaeozool Anthropol Praehist 76:619–633

    Google Scholar 

  41. Niemi L, Wennstrom A, Ericson L (2005) Insect feeding preferences and plant phenolic glucosides in the system Gonioctena linnaeana–Salix triandra. Entomol Exp Appl 115:61–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ohashi H (2001) Salicaceae of Japan. Sci Rep Tohoku Univ 4th Ser 40:269–396

    Google Scholar 

  43. Peacock L, Carter P, Powers S et al (2003) Geographic variation in phenotypic traits in Phratora spp. and the effects of conditioning on feeding preference. Entomol Exp Appl 109:31–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Pei MH (2000) Heterogeneous nature of a ‘new’ pathotype of Melampsora rust on Salix revealed by AFLP®. Eur J Plant Pathol 106:771–779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Pei MH (2005) A brief review of Melampsora rusts on Salix. In: Pei MH, McCraken AR (eds) In Rust diseases of willow and poplar. CABI, Wallingford, UK, p 264

    Google Scholar 

  46. Pei MH, Hunter T, Royle DJ (1999) Host–pathogen relationship between Salix and Melampsora sheds light on the parentage of some biomass willows. New Phytol 141:155–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Pei MH, Royle DJ, Hunter T (1996) Pathogenic specialization in Melampsora epitea var epitea on Salix. Plant Pathol 45:679–690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Rohlf FJ (2005) NTSYSpc: numerical taxonomy system ver. 2.2. Exeter, Setauket, NY

    Google Scholar 

  49. Saitou N, Nei M (1987) The neighbour-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4:406–425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Sennerby-Forsse L, Zsuffa L (1995) Bud structure and resprouting in coppiced stools of Salix viminalis, S. eriocephala and S. amygdaloides. Tress-Struct Funct 9:224–234

    Google Scholar 

  51. Skvortsov AK (1999) Willows of Russia and adjacent countries: taxonomical and geographical revision. Report series vol. 39. Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Joensuu, Finland

    Google Scholar 

  52. Stott KG (1984) Improving the biomass potential of willow by selection and breeding. In: Perttu KL (ed) Ecology and management of forest biomass production systems. Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, pp 233–260

  53. Stott KG (1991) Nomenclature of the promising biomass coppice willows, Salix × sericans Tausch ex Kern., Salix dasyclados Wimm. and Salix ‘Aquatica Gigantea’. Bot J Scotl 46:137–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Stott KG (2001) Cultivation and use of basket willow. A guide to growing basket willows produced by The Basketmakers Association and IACR-Long Ashton Research Station. The Basketmakers, UK

    Google Scholar 

  55. Suda Y, Argus A (1968) Chromosome numbers of some North American Salix. Brittonia 20:191–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Tahvanainen J, Julkunentiitto R, Kettunen J (1985) Phenolic glycosides govern the food selection pattern of willow feeding leaf beetles. Oecologia 67:52–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Tharakan PJ, Volk TA, Nowak CA et al (2005) Morphological traits of 30 willow clones and their relationship to biomass production. Can J Forest Res 35:421–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Thiebault J (1998) Nuclear DNA amount in pure species and hybrid willows (Salix): a flow cytometric investigation. Can J Bot 76:157–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Thieme H (1971) Occurrence and distribution of phenol glycosides in the family Salicaceae. Herba Pol 17:248–257

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Thorsen J, Jorde PE, Aravanopolos FA et al (1997) Inheritance and linkage of isozyme loci in the basket willow (Salix viminalis L.). J Hered 88:145–150

    Google Scholar 

  61. Topp W, Kulfan J, Zach P et al (2002) Beetle assemblages on willow trees: do phenolic glycosides matter. Divers Distrib 8:85–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Trybush S, Hanley S, Cho KH et al (2006) Getting the most out of fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism. Can J Bot 84:1347–1354

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Van de Peer Y, De Wachter Y (1994) TREECON for Windows: a software package for the construction and drawing of evolutionary trees for the Microsoft Windows environment. Comput Appl Biosci 10:569–570

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. van Treuren R (2001) Marker-assisted rationalisation of genetic resource collections: a case study in flax using AFLPs®. Theor Appl Genet 103:144–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. van Treuren R (2006) Marker-assisted acquisition and core collection formation: a case study in barley using AFLPs® and pedigree data. Genet Resour Crop Evol 53:43–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Watson C, Pulford ID, Riddell-Black D (1999) Heavy metal toxicity responses of two willow (Salix) varieties grown hydroponically: development of a tolerance screening test. Environ Geochem Health 21:359–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Watson C, Pulford ID, Riddell-Black D (2003) Screening of willow species for resistance to heavy metals: comparison of performance in a hydroponics system and field trials. Int J Phytoremediat 5:351–365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors are indebted to Dr. George W. Argus (Curator Emeritus, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada), Prof. Jerzy Zielinski and Dr. Dominik Tomaszewski (Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik) for help with verification of the identity of some of the specimens and assistance with interpretation of the results. We are also extremely grateful to Ken Stott, Rod Parfitt and Kevin Lindegaard (previously at Long Ashton Research Station, UK) for providing background information on the accessions of the NWC and thank Ming Pei, Steve Hanley, Kevin Dawson and Ian Shield (at Rothamsted Research) for helpful comments on the manuscript. Šárka Jahodová is supported by institutional long-term research plan no. AV0Z60050516 from the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, project no. 0021620828 from the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic, and Integrated Project ALARM (GOCE-CT-2003-506675) of the FP6 of the European Union. William Macalpine is supported by the UK Department of Environment and Rural Affairs (Contract NF0424). We acknowledge Rothamsted International for funding a Fellowship to Dr. Irina Belyaeva which enabled some morphological assessments of the collection to be carried out. Rothamsted Research receives grant-aided support from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council of the UK. The authors would like to thank the anonymous referees and the editor of this paper for their helpful suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Department, Centre for Bioenergy and Climate Change, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK

    Sviatlana Trybush, William Macalpine & Angela Karp

  2. Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic

    Šárka Jahodová

  3. Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic

    Šárka Jahodová

  4. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic

    Sviatlana Trybush, William Macalpine & Angela Karp

Authors
  1. Sviatlana Trybush
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Šárka Jahodová
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. William Macalpine
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Angela Karp
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sviatlana Trybush.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Trybush, S., Jahodová, Š., Macalpine, W. et al. A Genetic Study of a Salix Germplasm Resource Reveals New Insights into Relationships Among Subgenera, Sections and Species. Bioenerg. Res. 1, 67–79 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-008-9007-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-008-9007-9

Keywords