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The Power of Peers? Early Adolescent Gender Typicality, Peer Relations, and Gender Role Attitudes in Belgium

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Abstract

Gender role attitudes, or one’s beliefs about the appropriate roles for men and women, inform important life decisions such as educational and career decisions. As gender role attitudes are dynamic and change over time, it is important to understand how they are constructed and evolve over time. One of the crucial—but under researched—life phases in the development of gender role attitudes is early adolescence, a life stage wherein early educational and career exploration are key. This study examines the development of adolescent’s gender role attitudes. We use multilevel latent growth analysis techniques to estimate the change in gender role attitudes during the first 2 years of junior high school (Nstudents = 4063; Nschools = 57; average 12 to 14-years old) and its relation to how adolescents perceive themselves as gendered actors (gender typicality) and how they perceive their peer environment (friend group composition, peer pressure, gender conformity pressure). The analysis indicates that while friend group composition and peer pressure are important in shaping gender role attitudes at the beginning of junior high school, they do not continue to influence boys’ or girls’ gender role attitudes during the first 2 years of junior high school. An important finding is that pressure to conform to gender norms rather than generic peer pressure shape adolescent gender role attitudes. The study highlights the complicated process through which attitudes about gender are constructed during adolescence.

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Notes

  1. This value was determined based upon the amount of time that elapsed between the second and third waves of data collection relative to the amount of time between the first and second waves.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the funding agencies that made this research possible: Research Foundation Flanders (FWO; Grant Nos. FWOTM773 and V4.079.18N) and the Flemish Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (Grant No. IWT110020, Procrustes Project). We would also like to thank all participants and schools participating in the Procrustes Project. Special gratitude to Prof. Dr. Nadine Engels, supervisor of the research project in which this study was embedded.

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  1. Multidisciplinary Institute for Teacher Education, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

    Myriam Halimi & Els Consuegra

  2. Sociology and Anthropology Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

    Shannon N. Davis

  3. Centre of Expertise Gender, Diversity and Intersectionality (RHEA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

    Myriam Halimi

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Halimi, M., Davis, S.N. & Consuegra, E. The Power of Peers? Early Adolescent Gender Typicality, Peer Relations, and Gender Role Attitudes in Belgium. Gend. Issues 38, 210–237 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-020-09262-3

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