Abstract
Wind flow is one of the elements that influence the dispersion of pollutants in air pollution events. The wind flow can be observed using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique. Attachment of the building model is required to monitor the wind flow of the urban area as the building's existence manipulates the movement of the wind throughout the urban area. In the meantime, prior research used building models with no specific modelling standard incorporated into the simulation environment. However, this research employs the building standard of City Geographic Markup Language (CityGML) to model the building involved. As referred to in the earlier research, the present level of detail 3.1 (LoD3.1) model is the least detail LoD suitable to visualize the wind simulation; this model is used as the original model to be compared with the newly generated model in 3D raster type. The vector data type is the model in the specified LoD of the CityGML standard. This study investigates the amalgamation of the raster model in the simulation environment by comparing the edge length, the simulation result, and the computational time of the rasterized model with the vectorized model. A slight edge length difference of approximately 14.5 cm is shown by the raster model. However, its simulation environment yields acceptable error values for wind velocity and pressure difference of 0.089 and 0.096, respectively, and outperforms the vector environment with a 50.4% shorter computational time. The investigation concludes that the 3D rasterized model is compatible with the wind simulation environment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Abu-Zidan Y, Mendis P, Gunawardena T (2021) Optimising the computational domain size in CFD simulations of tall buildings. Heliyon 7(4):e06723. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2021.E06723
Arroyo Ohori K, Biljecki F, Kumar K, Ledoux H, Stoter J (2018). Modeling cities and landscapes in 3D with CityGML. Building Information Modeling: Technology Foundations and Industry Practice:199–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92862-3_11
Bairagi AK, Dalui SK (2021) Estimation of wind load on stepped tall building using CFD simulation. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng 45(2):707–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40996-020-00535-1
Biljecki F, Ledoux H, Stoter J (2016) An improved LOD specification for 3D building models. Comput Environ Urban Syst 59:25–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2016.04.005
Blocken B, Carmeliet J (2006) The influence of the wind-blocking effect by a building on its wind-driven rain exposure. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 94(2):101–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2005.11.001
Franke J, Hirsch C, Jensen A, Krüs H, Schatzmann M, Westbury P, Miles S, Wisse J, Wright N (2004). Recommendations on the use of CFD in wind engineering. Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Wind Engineering and Building Aerodynamics
Franke J, Hellsten A, Schlünzen KH, BC (2007) Best practice guideline for the CFD simulation of flows in the urban environment-a summary. In: 11th Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes, Cambridge, UK, July 2007 Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants
García-Sánchez C, Vitalis S, Paden I, Stoter J (2021) The impact of level of detail in 3D city models for CFD-based wind flow simulations. Int. Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spatial Inf Sci XLVI-4/W4-:67–72. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-4-W4-2021-67-2021
Gaur N, Raj R (2022) Aerodynamic mitigation by corner modification on square model under wind loads employing CFD and wind tunnel. Ain Shams Eng J 13(1):101521. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ASEJ.2021.06.007
Hågbo T-O, Giljarhus KET, Hjertager BH (2021) Influence of geometry acquisition method on pedestrian wind simulations. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 215:104665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104665
Hubová O, Macák M, Franek M, Lobotka P, Konečná L B, Ivánková O (2023). Numerical Analysis of Wind Effects on a Residential Building with a Focus on the Linings, Window Sills, and Lintel. In Buildings 13(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010183
Ivánková O, Hubová O, Macák M, Vojteková E, Konečná L B (2022). Wind Pressure Distribution on the Facade of Stand-Alone Atypically Shaped High-Rise Building Determined by CFD Simulation and Wind Tunnel Tests. In Designs, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6050077
Juan YH, Wen CY, Li Z, Yang AS (2021) Impacts of urban morphology on improving urban wind energy potential for generic high-rise building arrays. Appl Energy 299:117304. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2021.117304
Kosutova K, van Hooff T, Vanderwel C, Blocken B, Hensen J (2019) Cross-ventilation in a generic isolated building equipped with louvers: Wind-tunnel experiments and CFD simulations. Build Environ 154:263–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2019.03.019
Kubilay A, Carmeliet J, Derome D (2016) Computational fluid dynamics simulations of wind-driven rain on a mid-rise residential building with various types of facade details. J Build Perform Simul 10(2):125–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2016.1152304
Kummitha OR, Kumar RV, Krishna VM (2021) CFD analysis for airflow distribution of a conventional building plan for different wind directions. J Comput Des Eng 8(2):559–569. https://doi.org/10.1093/JCDE/QWAA095
Lee M, Park G, Park C, Kim C (2020). Improvement of Grid Independence Test for Computational Fluid Dynamics Model of building based on grid resolution. Adv Civ Eng 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8827936
Li M, Qiu X, Shen J, Xu J, Feng B, He Y, Shi G, Zhu X (2019) CFD simulation of the wind field in Jinjiang City using a building data generalization method. Atmosphere 10(6):326. https://doi.org/10.3390/ATMOS10060326
Liu S, Pan W, Zhao X, Zhang H, Cheng X, Long Z, Chen Q (2018) Influence of surrounding buildings on wind flow around a building predicted by CFD simulations. Build Environ 140:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.05.011
Lukiantchuki MA, Shimomura AP, Silva FM, Caram RM (2018) Evaluation of CFD simulations with wind tunnel experiments: pressure coefficients at openings in sawtooth building. Acta Scientiarum Technology 40(1):37537. https://doi.org/10.4025/astascitechnol.v40i1.37537
Miltiadou M, Campbell N D F, Cosker D, Grant M G (2021). A comparative study about data structures used for efficient management of voxelised full-waveform airborne LiDAR data during 3D polygonal model creation. Remote Sens 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040559
Montazeri H, Blocken B (2013) CFD simulation of wind-induced pressure coefficients on buildings with and without balconies: Validation and sensitivity analysis. Build Environ 60:137–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2012.11.012
Moonen P, Defraeye T, Dorer V, Blocken B, Carmeliet J (2012) Urban Physics: Effect of the micro-climate on comfort, health and energy demand. Front Archit Res 1(3):197–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOAR.2012.05.002
Rajasekarababu KB, Vinayagamurthy G, Selvi Rajan S (2019) Experimental and computational investigation of outdoor wind flow around a setback building. Build Simul 12(5):891–904. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12273-019-0514-8/METRICS
Rajkamal DVV, Raviteja C (2016) Analysis of wind forces on a high-rise building by RANS-based turbulence models using computational fluid dynamics. Int J Res IT Manag Eng 6(9):28–34
Ricci A, Kalkman I, Blocken B, Burlando M, Freda A, Repetto MP (2017) Local-scale forcing effects on wind flows in an urban environment: Impact of geometrical simplifications. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 170:238–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.08.001
Ridzuan N, Ujang U, Azri S, Yusoff IM (2022) Computational Fluid Dynamics of wind flow and air pollution modelling: A review on 3D building model standards. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 1064(1):012051. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1064/1/012051
Ridzuan N, Ujang U (2021). Determination of suitable Level of Details (LoD) of 3D building model for air pollutants dispersion study. 6th Geoinformation Research ColloquiumAt: Universite Hassan II De Casablanca, Morocco
Roy K, Bairagi A (2016) Wind pressure and velocity around stepped unsymmetrical plan shape tall building using CFD simulation- a case study. Asian J Civ Eng 17:1055–1075
Sanyal P, Banerjee S (2022) Prognosis of aerodynamic coefficients of butterfly plan shaped tall building by surrogate modelling. Wind Struct 34(4):321–334. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2022.34.4.321
Sanyal P, Dalui SK (2020) Effect of corner modifications on “Y” plan shaped tall building under wind load. Wind and Structures 30(3):245–260. https://doi.org/10.12989/WAS.2020.30.3.245
Šarkić Glumac A, Hemida H, Höffer R (2018) Wind energy potential above a high-rise building influenced by neighboring buildings: An experimental investigation. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 175:32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2018.01.022
Sattar AMA, Elhakeem M, Gerges BN, Gharabaghi B, Gultepe I (2018) Wind-Induced Air-Flow Patterns in an Urban Setting: Observations and Numerical Modeling. Pure Appl Geophys 175(8):3051–3068. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00024-018-1846-5
Shirowzhan S, Sepasgozar SME, Li H, Trinder J (2018) Spatial compactness metrics and Constrained Voxel Automata development for analyzing 3D densification and applying to point clouds: A synthetic review. Autom Constr 96:236–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AUTCON.2018.09.018
Singh J, Roy AK (2019) Effects of roof slope and wind direction on wind pressure distribution on the roof of a square plan pyramidal low-rise building using CFD simulation. Int J Adv Struct Eng 11(2):231–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40091-019-0227-3
Sun D, Shi X, Zhang Y, Zhang L (2021) Spatiotemporal distribution of traffic emission based on wind tunnel experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. J Clean Prod 282:124495. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.124495
Swaddiwudhipong S, Khan MS (2003) Dynamic response of wind-excited building using CFD. J Sound Vib 253(4):735–754. https://doi.org/10.1006/JSVI.2000.3508
Tang L, Ying S, Li L, Biljecki F, Zhu H, Zhu Y, Yang F, Su F (2020) An application-driven LOD modeling paradigm for 3D building models. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 161:194–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISPRSJPRS.2020.01.019
Tasneem Z, Al Noman A, Das SK, Saha DK, Islam MR, Ali MF, R Badal, MF, Ahamed MH, Moyeen SI, Alam F (2020). An analytical review on the evaluation of wind resource and wind turbine for urban application: Prospect and challenges. Dev Built Environ 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DIBE.2020.100033
Theodoridis G, Moussiopoulos N (2000). Influence of building density and roof shape on the wind and dispersion characteristics in an urban area: A numerical study. Urban Air Quality: Measurement, Modelling and Management: 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0932-4_44
Thiis T (2000) Comparison of numerical simulations and full-scale measurements of snowdrifts around building. Wind Struct 3(2):73–82. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2000.3.2.073
Thordal MS, Bennetsen JC, Koss HHH (2019) Review for practical application of CFD for the determination of wind load on high-rise buildings. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 186:155–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2018.12.019
Toja-Silva F, Kono T, Peralta C, Lopez-Garcia O, Chen J (2018) A review of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the wind flow around buildings for urban wind energy exploitation. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 180:66–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2018.07.010
Xu F, Yang J, Zhu X (2020) A comparative study on the difference of CFD simulations based on a simplified geometry and a more refined BIM based geometry. AIP Adv 10(12):125318. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0031907
Yang J, Shi B, Shi Y, Marvin S, Zheng Y, Xia G (2020). Air pollution dispersal in high density urban areas: Research on the triadic relation of wind, air pollution, and urban form. Sustain Cities Soc 54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101941
Zhang X, Weerasuriya AU, Tse KT (2020) CFD simulation of natural ventilation of a generic building in various incident wind directions: Comparison of turbulence modelling, evaluation methods, and ventilation mechanisms. Energy Build 229:110516. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2020.110516
Zheng X, Yang J (2021) CFD simulations of wind flow and pollutant dispersion in a street canyon with traffic flow: Comparison between RANS and LES. Sustain Cities Soc 75:103307. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2021.103307
Zhou Y, Lu H, Ren Q, Li Y (2019) Generation of a tree-like support structure for fused deposition modelling based on the L-system and an octree. Graph Models 101:8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gmod.2018.12.003
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by UTM Research University Grant, Vot Q.J130000.2452.09G84, and partially supported by UTMSPACE: UTMSPACE Contract Research Grant, Vot R.J130000.7752.4J550.
Funding
This research is funded by UTM Research University Grant, Vot Q.J130000.2452.09G84, and partially funded by UTMSPACE: UTMSPACE Contract Research Grant, Vot R.J130000.7752.4J550.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed equally to the paper preparation. The first draft was written by Nurfairunnajiha Ridzuan and revised by Uznir Ujang and Suhaibah Azri. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable. The study has no data collected from human subjects.
Consent to participate
All authors have agreed to participate in this study.
Consent for publication
All authors have approved and agreed to publish the paper in Earth Science Informatics.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Communicated by: H. Babaie
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ridzuan, N., Ujang, U. & Azri, S. 3D vectorization and rasterization of CityGML standard in wind simulation. Earth Sci Inform 16, 2635–2647 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-023-01065-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-023-01065-w