Abstract
The development and distribution of interlayers in sandstones can lead to increased heterogeneity in the formation within the reservoir, which further affects the movement of fluids in the formation. Therefore, it is essential to accurately evaluate the interlayers in sandstones, as the precise evaluation of interlayers in sandstones is of great importance for identifying the distribution of underground fluid systems. The logging data of interlayers are inadequate for traditional Machine Learning training due to their low measurement proportion compared to the conventional layers. In logging data, the amount of data in interlayers is significantly smaller than that of conventional reservoirs. Traditional machine learning models are mostly based on samples with balanced distribution. By contrast, semi-supervised learning requires a small number of labeled samples for learning, and then combines a large number of unlabeled samples for modeling. To verify the feasibility of semi-supervised learning in the identification of interlayers, the Donghe sandstone section of the H oilfield was taken as an example. First, the core analysis results were used to label the logging data; then, to uncover more response information that can characterize the interlayers on the logging curve, multiple features were extracted to construct cross features. Finally, an improved model based on autoencoders—probabilistic autoencoder (PAE)—is proposed to address the issue of interlayer recognition for imbalanced samples. The PAE model can calculate the probability of belonging to a different class for unlabeled samples, and classify new samples according to the maximum probability. Experimental results show that, compared with traditional machine learning methods and ensemble learning methods, PAE achieves higher recognition accuracy and better generalization performance by updating the algorithm, and can be used as a simple and fast method for interlayer recognition. The results of the algorithm demonstrate that the semi-supervised method is of great significance for exploring and developing complex heterogeneous oil reservoirs. The research results are of great importance for exploring and developing complex heterogeneous oil reservoirs.
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The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the CNPC-SWPU Innovation Alliance(2020CX010204). We also thank the Research Institute of Exploration and Development of Southwest Oil & Gas field Company, PetroChina for providing samples and data.
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This work is supported by the CNPC-SWPU Innovation Alliance(2020CX010204).
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All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Shixiang Jiao, Jun Zhao, and Yufei He wrote the main manuscript. Shixuan Zhao and Zhenguan Wu analyzed the data. Tianyi Zeng and Rui Zhang prepared figures.
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Jiao, S., Zhao, J., He, Y. et al. Semi-supervised interlayer intelligent recognition method. Earth Sci Inform 16, 2187–2197 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-023-01021-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-023-01021-8