Abstract
Copyright protection of 2-dimensional (2D) vector map data is of great importance in the community of geographic information sciences. However, no blind, imperceptible and robust algorithm has been proposed by far. To fill the gap, this paper puts forwards a normalization-based watermarking algorithm for 2D vector map data: firstly, each coordinate of the original vector map data is normalized, and the watermark is shuffled; then the shuffled watermark is multiply embedded in the normalized vector data. After this, the coordinates of the watermarked data is restored (i.e. anti-normalized) for normal use. Once a suspicious copyright piracy appears, the watermarked data is re-normalized and the watermark can be detected and extracted. Our mathematical proofs and experiments have shown that the scheme owns four features that a good watermarking algorithm should possesses, i.e. usability, invisibility, blindness and robustness: the precision of the watermarked data can be guaranteed (usability); the users cannot perceive the embedded watermark (invisibility); the watermark can be extracted without knowing the original data and the original watermark; and the algorithm can resist a number of attacks such as translation, scaling, vertices reordering, vertex deletion, vertex insertion, vertex modification, cropping, and data format transformation (robustness).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmed AM (2004) Digital Image Watermarking using Fuzzy Logic and Naturalness Preserving Transform. Ph.D. Thesis, Kansas State University
Aslantas V (2008) A singular-value decomposition-based image watermarking using genetic algorithm. Int J Electron Commun 62(5):386–394
Cox IJ, Miller ML (2002) The first 50 years of electronic watermarking. J Appl Signal Process 56(2):126–123
Cox IJ, Kilian J, Leighton T, Shamoon TG (1997) Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia. IEEE Trans Image Process 6(12):1673–1687
Doncel VR, Nikolaidis N, Pitas I (2007) An optimal detector structure for the Fourier descriptors domain watermarking of 2D vector graphics. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 13:851–863
Giannoula A, Nikolaidis N, Pitas I (2002) Watermarking of sets of polygonal lines using fusion techniques. Proc IEEE Int Conf Multimed Expo 2(p):549–552
Hartung F, Girod B (1998) Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video. Signal Process 66(3):283–301
Horness E, Nikolaidis N, Pitas I, (2007) Blind city maps watermarking utilizing road width information. In: Proceedings of the 15th European Signal Processing Conference. pp 2291–2295
Jia PH, Chen YZ, Ma JS, Zhu DK (2006) Digital watermark-based security technology for geo-spatial graphics data. Chin Geogr Sci 16(3):276–281
Kang H (2001) A vector watermarking using the generalized square mask. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing, April 2001, Las Vegas, USA. pp 234–236
Kirovski D, Malvar HS (2003) Spread spectrum watermarking of audio signals. IEEE Trans Signal Process 51(4):1020–1033
Kitamura I, Kanai S, Kishinami T (2001) Copyright protection of vector map using digital watermarking method based on discrete Fourier transform. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Symp 3:1191–1193
Lafaye J, Béguec J, Gross-Amblard D, Ruas A (2007) Invisible graffiti on your buildings: blind & squaring-proof watermarking of geographical databases. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Spatial and Temporal Databases, Boston, USA, July 16–18, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4605. pp 312–329
Langelaar GC, Lagendijk RL (2001) Optimal differential energy watermarking of DCT encoded images and video. IEEE Trans Image Process 10(1):148–158
Li YY, Xu LP (2004) Vector graphical objects watermarking scheme in wavelet domain. Acta Photonica Sinica 33(1):97–100
Lin PY, Chen YH, Chang CC, Lee JS (2013) Contrast-adaptive removable visible watermarking (CARVW) mechanism. Image Vis Comput 31(4):311–321
López C (2002) Watermarking of digital geospatial datasets: a review of technical, legal and copyright issues. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 16(6):589–607
Niu XM, Shao CY, Wang XT (2006) A survey of digital vector map watermarking. Int J Innov Comput 2(6):1301–1306
Ohbuchi R, Ueda H, Endoh S (2002) Robust watermarking of vector digital maps. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo 2002, September 2002, Lausanne, Switzerland, vol 1. pp 577–580
Pareek NK, Patidar V, Sud KK (2006) Image encryption using chaotic logistic map. Image Vis Comput 24(9):926–934
Park KT, Kim KI, Kang H, Han SS (2002) Digital geographical map watermarking using polyline interpolation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia, December 2002, Hsinchou, Taiwan. pp 58–65
Peng F, Liu Y, Long M (2014) Reversible watermarking for 2D CAD engineering graphics based on improved histogram shifting. Comput Aided Des 49(1):42–50
Sebastin AS, Seldev C, Jereesha MSJ (2017) Novel watermarking scheme with watermark encryption for copyright protection. Biomed Res 28(1):51–57
Seok J, Hong J, Kim J (2002) A novel audio watermarking algorithm for copyright protection of digital audio. ETRI J 24(3):181–189
Sethi N, Sharma D (2012) A novel method of image encryption using logistic mapping. Int J Comp Sci Eng 1(2):115–119
Solachidis V, Pitas I (2004) Watermarking polygonal lines using Fourier descriptors. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 24(3):44–51
Sonnet H, Isenberg T, Dittmann J, Strothotte T (2003) Illustration watermarks for vector graphics. In: Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications, October 2003, Calgary, Canada. pp 73–82
Tarhda M, Elgouri R, Hlou L (2016) Innovative image watermarking technique using psychovisual and spatial approaches. Int J Comp Sci Netw Secur 16(10):1–10
Voigt M, Yang B, Busch C (2004) Reversible watermarking of 2D–vector data. In: Proceedings of the ACM International Workshop on Multimedia and Security, September 2004, Magdeburg, Germany. pp 160–165
Wang NN, Men CG (2012) Fragile watermarking for 2-D vector map authentication with localization. Comput Aided Des 44(2):320–330
Wang XY, Niu PP, Qi W (2008) A new adaptive digital audio watermarking based on support vector machine. J Netw Comput Appl 31(4):735–749
Yan H, Li J, Wen H (2011) A key points-based blind watermarking approach for vector geospatial data, Computers. Environ Urban Syst 35(6):485–492
Zhu CQ, Yang CS, Wang QS (2008) A watermarking algorithm for vector geo-spatial data based on integer wavelet transform. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci 37(B4):15–18
Acknowledgements
This work is funded by the Natural Science Foundation Committee, China (No. 41371435, No. 71563025, and No. 41671447).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: H. A. Babaie
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yan, H., Zhang, L. & Yang, W. A normalization-based watermarking scheme for 2D vector map data. Earth Sci Inform 10, 471–481 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-017-0310-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-017-0310-x