Abstract
Human-machine interactive visiting and fixed-route visiting are currently the main roaming modes in digital three-dimensional (3D) scenes. However, in general, when a person visits an attraction area, s/he does not follow a fixed path, but instead wander about according to his/her interests. Here, we propose a new roaming mode, called autonomic visiting. That is, in a digital 3D scene, a user selects several interest spots, then a route connecting these spots can be automatically determined and 3D scene can be seen along this route. This study presents a technical approach that enables the realization of autonomic visiting in 3D scenes. Firstly, Delaunay triangular meshes for the terrain in 3D scene are established. Secondly, a plane-growth algorithm and a line-connection algorithm are introduced to automatically mend the broken parts of these triangular meshes. Thirdly, the triangular meshes are then merged and differently weighted according to different layers. Finally, a progress-zone transmission algorithm is presented to optimal the shortest route, which is derived from A-Star (A*) algorithm. Digital 3D campus of Nanjing University, China, is taken as the experimental materials. The experimental results prove the effect of the proposed approach.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abd Algfoor Z, Sunar MS, Kolivand H (2015) A comprehensive study on pathfinding techniques for robotics and video games. Int J Comput Games Technol 2015:1–11
Bandi S, Thalmann D (2000) Path finding for human motion in virtual environments. Comput Geom 15(1):103–127
Bulitko V, Bjoernsson Y, Lawrence R (2010) Case-based subgoaling in real-time heuristic search for video game pathfinding. J Artif Intell Res 39:269–300
Camelli F, Lien JM, Shen DY, Wong DW, Rice M, Lohner R, Yang CW (2012) Generating seamless surfaces for transport and dispersion modeling in GIS. Geoinformatica 16(2):307–327
Cheng SW, Poon SH (2006) Three-dimensional Delaunay mesh generation. Discrete Comput Geom 36(3):419–456
De Lucia A, Francese R, Passero I, Tortora G (2009) Development and evaluation of a virtual campus on second life: the case of SecondDMI. Comput Educ 52(1):220–233
Diao XL, Song ZG (2014) Research on the key techniques on 3D virtual campus system. Appl Mech Mater 543–547:3199–3202
Gain JE, Dodgson NA (2001) Preventing self-intersection under free-form deformation. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 7(4):289–298
Giroux B, Larouche B (2013) Task-parallel implementation of 3D shortest path raytracing for geophysical applications. Comput Geosci 54:130–141
Goncalves AB (2010) An extension of GIS-based least-cost path modelling to the location of wide paths. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 24(7):983–996
Heinzer TJ, Williams MD, Dogrul EC, Kadir TN, Brush CF, Chung FI (2012) Implementation of a feature-constraint mesh generation algorithm within a GIS. Comput Geosci 49:46–52
Huang RH (2007) A schedule-based pathfinding algorithm for transit networks using pattern first search. Geoinformatica 11(2):269–285
Huang J, Wu W, Tang ZS (2008) 3D reconstruction and virtual roaming of Macau St. Dominic’s Church. The 14th National Conference on Image and Graphics
Jeroen L, Rieks A, Anton N (2001) A dialogue agent for navigation support in virtual reality. Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Kallmann M (2010) Navigation queries from triangular meshes. 3rd International Conference on Motion in Game
Ladeveze N, Fourquet JY, Puel B (2010) Interactive path planning for haptic assistance in assembly tasks. Comput Graph-UK 34(1):17–25
Ledoux H, Ohori KA, Meijers M (2014) A triangulation-based approach to automatically repair GIS polygons. Comput Geosci 66:121–131
Previtali M, Barazzetti L, Scaioni M (2014) Accurate 3D surface measurement of mountain slopes through a fully automated image-based technique. Earth Sci Inf 7(2):109–122
Santos M, Martín JA, López V, Botella G (2012) Dyna-H: a heuristic planning reinforcement learning algorithm applied to role-playing game strategy decision systems. Knowl-Based Syst 32:28–36
Seo WJ, Ok SH, Ahn JH, Kang S, Moon B (2009) An efficient hardware architecture of the A-star algorithm for the shortest path search engine. Fifth International Joint Conference on Inc
Sharon G, Stern R, Goldenberg M, Felner A (2013) The increasing cost tree search for optimal multi-agent pathfinding. Artif Intell 195:470–495
She JF, Chen JG, Cheng L, Xu WX (2012) Review on 3D terrain parallel rendering. Geomatics Inf Sci Wuhan Univ 37(4):463–467
Sourin A (2004) Nanyang Technological University virtual campus. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 24(6):6–8
Sun Y, Paik JK, Koschan A, Abidi MA (2002) 3D reconstruction of indoor and outdoor scenes using a mobile range scanner. 16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)
Tong LH, Cheng L, Li MC, Chen YM, Wang YF, Zhang W (2013) Extraction of building contours and corners from terrestrial LiDAR data. J Image Graph 18(7):876–883
Tsatcha D, Saux E, Claramunt C (2014) A bidirectional path-finding algorithm and data structure for maritime routing. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 28(7):1355–1377
Wang JH, Xu QX, Zhang R (2003) Delaunay algorithm and related procedure to generate the tetrahedron mesh for an object with arbitrary boundary. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 22(5):717–722
Wu X, Feng W, Wang K (2011) Application of Multi-baseline Digital Close-range Photogrametry Technique in 3D Reconstruction of Underground Tomb. International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Computer Engineering (ICSCMCE 2011)
Xu X, Huang M (2012) An improved group intelligence pathfinding algorithm. Comput Appl Softw 29(5):139–142
Xu X, Huang M, Zou K (2011) Automatic generated navigation mesh algorithm on 3D game scene. International Conference on Advanced in Control Engineering and Information Science (CEIS)
Yiakoumettis C, Doulamis N, Miaoulis G, Ghazanfarpour D (2014) Active learning of user’s preferences estimation towards a personalized 3D navigation of geo-referenced scenes. Geoinformatica 18(1):27–62
Yuan Q, Zhang JZ, Jiang X, Zhou SS, Cao Y (2011) Interactive simulator research of multi-character animation in dynamic three dimensional scene. J Image Graph 16(6):1070–1079
Zhang W, Zhang Q, Cheng L, Li MC (2013) Three-dimensional virtual campus research based on LiDAR technology. Geomatics Spat Inf Technol 36(7):26–28
Zhang YY, Shen YC, Ma LN (2014) Pathfinding algorithm of 3D scene based on navigation mesh. Adv Mater Res 1030–1032:1745–1750
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by: H. A. Babaie
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, S., Cheng, L. & Li, M. Autonomic visiting in digital 3D scenes. Earth Sci Inform 9, 383–400 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-016-0257-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-016-0257-3