Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Core self-evaluation and work engagement: employee strengths use as a mediator and role overload as a moderator

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although core self-evaluation (CSE) has been found to be positively linked with work engagement, we have little knowledge about why and when this relationship occurs. This study sought to investigate the mediating effect of employee strengths use (ESU) and the moderating effect of role overload on the relationship of CSE with work engagement. A two-wave design was applied to collect data from a sample of 344 employees from one energy company in China. Results showed that ESU acts as a mediator between CSE and work engagement, and role overload lessens the direct linkage between ESU and work engagement and the indirect association between CSE and work engagement via ESU. This study advances our understanding of the process mechanisms underlying the relationship between CSE and work engagement, and reveals the boundary condition under which CSE has a stronger association with work engagement via ESU.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aguinis, H., Gottfredson, R. K., & Joo, H. (2012). Delivering effective performance feedback: The strengths-based approach. Business Horizons, 55(2), 105–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar, R., Boustani, L., Tsivrikos, D., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2015). The engageable personality: Personality and trait EI as predictors of work engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 73, 44–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alfes, K., Shantz, A. D., & Ritz, A. (2018). A multilevel examination of the relationship between role overload and employee subjective health: The buffering effect of support climates. Human Resource Management, 57(2), 659–673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anand, P., & Mishra, S. K. (2021). Linking core self-evaluation and emotional exhaustion with workplace loneliness: Does high LMX make the consequence worse? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(10), 2124–2149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bacharach, S. B., Bamberger, P., & Conley, S. C. (1990). Work processes, role conflict, and role overload: The case of nurses and engineers in the public sector. Work and Occupations, 17(2), 199–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B. (2022). The social psychology of work engagement: State of the field. Career Development International, 27(1), 36–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., & van Wingerden, J. (2021). Do personal resources and strengths use increase work engagement? The effects of a training intervention. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 26(1), 20–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., Tims, M., & Derks, D. (2012). Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement. Human Relations, 65(10), 1359–1378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., Hetland, J., Olsen, O. K., & Espevik, R. (2019). Daily strengths use and employee well-being: The moderating role of personality. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 92(1), 144–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bipp, T., Kleingeld, A., & Ebert, T. (2019). Core self-evaluations as a personal resource at work for motivation and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 151, 109556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolino, M. C., & Turnley, W. H. (2005). The personal costs of citizenship behavior: The relationship between individual initiative and role overload, job stress, and work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 740–748.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botha, C., & Mostert, K. (2014). A structural model of job resources, organisational and individual strengths use and work engagement. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 40(1), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2002). Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(1), 57–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. P., Jones, E., & Leigh, T. W. (2005). The attenuating effect of role overload on relationships linking self-efficacy and goal level to work performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 972–979.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunborg, G. S. (2008). Core self-evaluations: A predictor variable for job stress. European Psychologist, 13(2), 96–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, C. H., Ferris, D. L., Johnson, R. E., Rosen, C. C., & Tan, J. A. (2012). Core self-evaluations: A review and evaluation of the literature. Journal of Management, 38(1), 81–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, I. S., & Fellenz, M. R. (2020). Personal resources and personal demands for work engagement: Evidence from employees in the service industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, 102600.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang, Y. H., Hsu, C. C., & Hung, K. P. (2014). Core self-evaluation and workplace creativity. Journal of Business Research, 67(7), 1405–1413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, X., Zhang, L., & Li, M. (2022). Nurses’ strengths use and turnover intention: The roles of job crafting and self-efficacy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78(7), 2075–2084.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conard, M. A. (2006). Aptitude is not enough: How personality and behavior predict academic performance. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(3), 339–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Debusscher, J., Hofmans, J., & De Fruyt, F. (2016). The effect of state core self-evaluations on task performance, organizational citizenship behaviour, and counterproductive work behaviour. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(2), 301–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., De Jonge, J., Janssen, P. P., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). Burnout and engagement at work as a function of demands and control. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 279–286.

  • Ding, H., & Lin, X. (2020). Exploring the relationship between core self-evaluation and strengths use: The perspective of emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 157, 109804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, H., & Liu, J. (2022). Paying close attention to strengths mindset: The relationship of employee strengths mindset with job performance. Current Psychology, 1–12.

  • Ding, H., Yu, E., & Li, Y. (2022). Exploring the relationship between core self-evaluation and employee innovative behaviour: The role of emotional factors. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 32(5), 474–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, H., Yu, E., & Liu, J. (2023). Professional commitment matters! Linking employee strengths use to organizational citizenship behavior. Current Psychology, 1–11.

  • Edwards, J. R., & Lambert, L. S. (2007). Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 1–22.

  • Freeney, Y. M., & Tiernan, J. (2009). Exploration of the facilitators of and barriers to work engagement in nursing. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(12), 1557–1565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Govindji, R., & Linley, P. A. (2007). Strengths use, self-concordance and well-being: Implications for strengths coaching and coaching psychologists. International Coaching Psychology Review, 2(2), 143–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, M., Neal, A., & Neale, M. (2000). The contribution of task performance and contextual performance to effectiveness: Investigating the role of situational constraints. Applied Psychology, 49(3), 517–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurbuz, S., Turunc, O., & Celik, M. (2013). The impact of perceived organizational support on work–family conflict: Does role overload have a mediating role? Economic and Industrial Democracy, 34(1), 145–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hakanen, J. J., Perhoniemi, R., & Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008). Positive gain spirals at work: From job resources to work engagement, personal initiative and work-unit innovativeness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(1), 78–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halbesleben, J. R., Neveu, J. P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., & Westman, M. (2014). Getting to the COR understanding the role of resources in conservation of resources theory. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1334–1364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harzer, C., & Ruch, W. (2016). Your strengths are calling: Preliminary results of a web-based strengths intervention to increase calling. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 2237–2256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hentrich, S., Zimber, A., Sosnowsky-Waschek, N., Gregersen, S., & Petermann, F. (2017). The role of core self-evaluations in explaining depression and work engagement among managers. Current Psychology, 36, 516–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J. P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 103–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh, H. H., Wang, Y. C., & Huang, J. T. (2019). Core self-evaluations, perceived organizational support, and work-related well-being: Testing a moderated mediation model. Personnel Review, 48(3), 659–671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jason, V., & SN, G. (2021). Regulatory focus and innovative work behavior: The role of work engagement. Current Psychology, 40, 2791–2803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. E., Rosen, C. C., & Levy, P. E. (2008). Getting to the core of core self-evaluation: A review and recommendations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(3), 391–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E., Chonko, L., Rangarajan, D., & Roberts, J. (2007). The role of overload on job attitudes, turnover intentions, and salesperson performance. Journal of Business Research, 60(7), 663–671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joo, B. K., & Jo, S. J. (2017). The effects of perceived authentic leadership and core self-evaluations on organizational citizenship behavior: The role of psychological empowerment as a partial mediator. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(3), 463–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Judge, T. A., Erez, A., & Bono, J. E. (1998). The power of being positive: The relation between positive self-concept and job performance. Human Performance, 11(2–3), 167–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2003). The core self-evaluations scale: Development of a measure. Personnel Psychology, 56(2), 303–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Judge, J., Bono, T. A., Erez, J. E., A., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: The role of self-concordance and goal attainment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 257–268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, H. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2016). What does work meaning to hospitality employees? The effects of meaningful work on employees’ organizational commitment: The mediating role of job engagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 53, 59–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kacmar, K. M., Collins, B. J., Harris, K. J., & Judge, T. A. (2009). Core self-evaluations and job performance: The role of the perceived work environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1572–1580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D., Quinn, R., & Snoek, J. D. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. Wiley.

  • Kong, D. T., & Ho, V. T. (2016). A self-determination perspective of strengths use at work: Examining its determinant and performance implications. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(1), 15–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Littman-Ovadia, H., Lavy, S., & Boiman-Meshita, M. (2017). When theory and research collide: Examining correlates of signature strengths use at work. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18, 527–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., Song, Z., Xu, Y., Xu, X. A., & Li, J. (2023). Exploring explanatory mechanisms of adjustment-specific resources underlying the relationship between leader–member exchange and work engagement: A lens of conservation of resources theory. Sustainability, 15(2), 1561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lubbers, M. J., Van Der Werf, M. P., Kuyper, H., & Hendriks, A. J. (2010). Does homework behavior mediate the relation between personality and academic performance? Learning and Individual Differences, 20(3), 203–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, R. A., Winkel, D. E., & Wayne, J. H. (2014). A longitudinal examination of role overload and work–family conflict: The mediating role of interdomain transitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(1), 72–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, M. C., & van Woerkom, M. (2017). Effects of a strengths intervention on general and work-related well-being: The mediating role of positive affect. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18, 671–689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miglianico, M., Dubreuil, P., Miquelon, P., Bakker, A. B., & Martin-Krumm, C. (2020). Strength use in the workplace: A literature review. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21, 737–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montani, F., & Dagenais-Desmarais, V. (2018). Unravelling the relationship between role overload and organizational citizenship behaviour: A test of mediating and moderating effects. European Management Journal, 36(6), 757–768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nasser-Abu Alhija, F., & Wisenbaker, J. (2006). A Monte Carlo study investigating the impact of item parceling strategies on parameter estimates and their standard errors in CFA. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(2), 204–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okorie, C. O., Nwankwo, F. M., Iwuala, H. O., Agudiegwu, M. O., Nnadi, S. O., Nkwede, J. O., & Chigbata, E. S. (2023). Core self-evaluations and job embeddedness: Influences on career adaptability and work engagement in Nigerian public sector employees. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 33(2), 150–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, Y. K., Song, J. H., Yoon, S. W., & Kim, J. (2014). Learning organization and innovative behavior: The mediating effect of work engagement. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(1/2), 75–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, L. H., & O’Connor, E. J. (1980). Situational constraints and work outcomes: The influences of a frequently overlooked construct. Academy of Management Review, 5(3), 391–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothbard, N. P. (2001). Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(4), 655–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, A., Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2016). Transformational leadership and proactive work behaviour: A moderated mediation model including work engagement and job strain. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 89(3), 588–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simsek, Z., Heavey, C., & Veiga, J. J. F. (2010). The impact of CEO core self-evaluation on the firm’s entrepreneurial orientation. Strategic Management Journal, 31(1), 110–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: A new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 518–528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stander, F. W., & Mostert, K. (2013). Assessing the organisational and individual strengths use and deficit improvement amongst sport coaches. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39(2), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F., Littman-Ovadia, H., Miller, M., Menger, L., & Rothmann, S. (2013). Engaging in work even when it is meaningless: Positive affective disposition and meaningful work interact in relation to work engagement. Journal of Career Assessment, 21(2), 348–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, W. H. Jr., Peake, W. O., & Ingram, A. E. (2021). The interplay of core self-evaluation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy in predicting entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Small Business Management, 1–29.

  • Tims, M., & Akkermans, J. (2017). Core self-evaluations and work engagement: Testing a perception, action, and development path. PloS One, 12(8), e0182745.

  • Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2011). Do transformational leaders enhance their followers’ daily work engagement? The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 121–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tisu, L., & Vîrgă, D. (2022). Proactive vitality management, work–home enrichment, and performance: A two-wave cross-lagged study on entrepreneurs. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 761958.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tisu, L., Lupșa, D., Vîrgă, D., & Rusu, A. (2020). Personality characteristics, job performance and mental health: The mediating role of work engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 153, 109644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Woerkom, M., & Meyers, M. C. (2015). My strengths count! Effects of a strengths-based psychological climate on positive affect and job performance. Human Resource Management, 54(1), 81–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Woerkom, M., Mostert, K., Els, C., Bakker, A. B., De Beer, L., & Rothmann, S. Jr. (2016a). Strengths use and deficit correction in organizations: Development and validation of a questionnaire. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(6), 960–975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Woerkom, M., Oerlemans, W., & Bakker, A. B. (2016b). Strengths use and work engagement: A weekly diary study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(3), 384–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venz, L., Pundt, A., & Sonnentag, S. (2018). What matters for work engagement? A diary study on resources and the benefits of selective optimization with compensation for state work engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(1), 26–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Q., Huang, M., Hong, S., Zhang, H., & Wang, Q. (2022). Core self-evaluation and career growth of Chinese graduates: Career concern and curiosity as mediators. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 50(10), 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weigl, M., Hornung, S., Parker, S. K., Petru, R., Glaser, J., & Angerer, P. (2010). Work engagement accumulation of task, social, personal resources: A three-wave structural equation model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(1), 140–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L. J., Cote, J. A., & Buckley, M. R. (1989). Lack of method variance in self-reported affect and perceptions at work: Reality or artifact? Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(3), 462–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Kashdan, T. B., & Hurling, R. (2011). Using personal and psychological strengths leads to increases in well-being over time: A longitudinal study and the development of the strengths use questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(1), 15–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J., Oh, J., Park, J., & Kim, W. (2020). The relationship between work engagement and work–life balance in organizations: A review of the empirical research. Human Resource Development Review, 19(3), 240–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 235–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, X., Yang, K., Su, J., Luo, Z., & Wen, Z. (2018). Mediating role of emotional intelligence on the associations between core self-evaluations and job satisfaction, work engagement as indices of work-related well-being. Current Psychology, 37, 552–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoo, K., & Lee, K. H. (2019). Core self-evaluation and work engagement: Moderated mediation model of career adaptability and job insecurity. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2093.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, Z., Li, Y., & Lin, J. (2014). Linking challenge and hindrance stress to safety performance: The moderating effect of core self-evaluation. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 154–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, Z., Li, Y., & Tetrick, L. E. (2015). Job hindrances, job resources, and safety performance: The mediating role of job engagement. Applied Ergonomics, 51, 163–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, H., Zhang, H., Tu, A., & Zhang, S. (2021). The mediating roles of core self-evaluation and career exploration in the association between proactive personality and job search clarity. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 609050.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors are grateful to the employees who participated in this study. This study was supported by “the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 72202063)”. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The data that support the findings of this study are available from HD (believedh@126.com), upon reasonable request.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Fuxiang Wang or He Ding.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, F., Ding, H. Core self-evaluation and work engagement: employee strengths use as a mediator and role overload as a moderator. Curr Psychol 43, 17614–17624 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05687-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05687-1

Keywords

Navigation