Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate Iranian women’s experiences of the consequences of self-compassion as an intrapersonal source in marital relationships.The descriptive-interpretive qualitative method was adopted in this study. In the first step, we used the self-compassion scale to select a sample of 15 women (Mean Age = 47.66 years, SD = 2.46 years). In the second step, semi-structured interviews were conducted and data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings of this study suggested that self-compassion can bring cognitive, emotional, and behavioral resources to women in a marital relationship. Based on thematic analysis, the experiences of compassionate women in marital relationships were classified into three main themes and nine sub-themes: favorable behaviors (forgiveness, respect, and empathy), cognitive resources (optimism, cognitive emotion regulation, acceptance of own and partner imperfections), and positive feelings and emotions (happiness, safeness, satisfaction). Results imply that self-compassion may involve a set of positive intrapersonal self-resources containing a plethora of cognitive, affective, and behavioral benefits that may help achieve, maintain, and consolidate interpersonal relationships such as marital relationships.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Abu-Raiya, H., & Pargament, K. I. (2015). Religious coping among diverse religions: Commonalities and divergences. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(1), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037652.
Algoe, S. B., Gable, S. L., & Maisel, N. C. (2010). It’s the little things: Everyday gratitude as a booster shot for romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 17(2), 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01273.x.
Baker, L. R., & McNulty, J. K. (2011). Self-compassion and relationship maintenance: The moderating roles of conscientiousness and gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 853–873. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021884.
Bergen-Cico, D., Possemato, K., & Cheon, S. (2013). Examining the efficacy of a brief mindfulness-based stress reduction (brief MBSR) program on psychological health. Journal of American College Health, 61(6), 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2013.813853.
Bibi, S., Masood, S., Ahmad, M., & Bukhari, S. (2017). Effect of self-compassion on the marital adjustment of Pakistani adults. Foundation University Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.33897/fujp.v1i2.52.
Binder, P. E., Dundas, I., Stige, S. H., Hjeltnes, A., Woodfin, V., & Moltu, C. (2019). Becoming aware of inner self-critique and kinder toward self: A qualitative study of experiences of outcome after a brief self-compassion intervention for university level students. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2728. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02728.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822.
Campion, M., & Glover, L. (2017). A qualitative exploration of responses to self-compassion in a non‐clinical sample. Health & Social Care in the Community, 25(3), 1100–1108. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12408.
Carter, S., & Henderson, L. (2005). Approaches to qualitative data collection in social science. In A. Bowling, & S. Ebrahim (Eds.), Handbook of health research methods: Investigation, measurement and analysis (pp. 215–230). Open University Press.
Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners (pp. 1–400). SAGE Publications Ltd. http://digital.casalini.it/9781446281024.
Crocker, J., & Canevello, A. (2008). Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships: The role of compassionate and self-image goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(3), 555. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.555.
Çutuk, Z. A. (2021). Mediating role of optimism in the relationship between self-compassion and subjective well-being. Journal of Human Sciences, 18(2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v18i2.6139.
Diedrich, A., Burger, J., Kirchner, M., & Berking, M. (2017). Adaptive emotion regulation mediates the relationship between self-compassion and depression in individuals with unipolar depression. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory Research and Practice, 90(3), 247–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12107.
Dyrenforth, P. S., Kashy, D. A., Donnellan, M. B., & Lucas, R. E. (2010). Predicting relationship and life satisfaction from personality in nationally representative samples from three countries: The relative importance of actor, partner, and similarity effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(4), 690. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020385.
Elliott, R., & Timulak, L. (2021). Essentials of descriptive-interpretive qualitative research: A generic approach. American Psychological Association.
Fahimdanesh, F., Noferesti, A., & Tavakol, K. (2020). Self-compassion and forgiveness: Major predictors of marital satisfaction in young couples. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 48(3), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2019.1708832.
Ferrari, M., Hunt, C., Harrysunker, A., Abbott, M. J., Beath, A. P., & Einstein, D. A. (2019). Self-compassion interventions and psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis of RCTs. Mindfulness, 10, 1455–1473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01134-6.
Finlay-Jones, A. L., Rees, C. S., & Kane, R. T. (2015). Self-compassion, emotion regulation and stress among Australian psychologists: Testing an emotion regulation model of self-compassion using structural equation modeling. PloS One, 10(7), e0133481. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133481.
Fulton, C. L. (2018). Self-compassion as a mediator of mindfulness and compassion for others. Counseling and Values, 63(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/cvj.12072.
Fuochi, G., Veneziani, C. A., & Voci, A. (2018). Exploring the social side of self-compassion: Relations with empathy and out group attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(6), 769–783. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2378.
Gordon, A. M., Impett, E. A., Kogan, A., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. (2012). To have and to hold: Gratitude promotes relationship maintenance in intimate bonds. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(2), 257–274. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028723.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105–117). Sage.
Hollis-Walker, L., & Colosimo, K. (2011). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and happiness in non-meditators: A theoretical and empirical examination. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 222–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.033.
Jacobson, E. H. K., Wilson, K. G., Solomon Kurz, A., & Kellum, K. K. (2018). Examining self-compassion in romantic relationships. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 8, 69–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.04.003.
Khoury, B. (2019). Compassion: Embodied and embedded. Mindfulness, 10(11), 2363–2374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01211-w.
Khoury, B., & Dionne, F. (2022). The embodied and interpersonal dimensions of compassion. In Annales Medico-Psychologiques (Vol. 180, No. 6, pp. S57-S65). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2020.11.018.
Kuyken, W., Watkings, E., Holden, E., White, K., Taylor, R. S., Byford, S., & Dalgleish, T. (2010). How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work? Behavior Research and Therapy, 48, 1105–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.08.003.
Lathren, C. R., Rao, S. S., Park, J., & Bluth, K. (2021). Self-compassion and current close interpersonal relationships: A scoping literature review. Mindfulness, 12, 1078–1093.
Levitt, H. M., Bamberg, M., Creswell, J. W., Frost, D. M., Josselson, R., & Suárez-Orozco, C. (2018). Journal article reporting standards for qualitative primary, qualitative meta-analytic, and mixed methods research in psychology: The APA Publications and Communications Board task force report. American Psychologist, 73(1), 26–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000151.
Maleki, A., Veisani, Y., Aibod, S., Azizifar, A., Alirahmi, M., & Mohamadian, F. (2019). Investigating the relationship between conscientiousness and self-compassion with marital satisfaction among Iranian married employees. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 8(76). https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_105_18.
Mantelou, A., & Karakasidou, E. (2017). The effectiveness of a brief self-compassion intervention program on self-compassion, positive and negative affect and life satisfaction. Psychology, 8(4), 590–610. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2017.84038.
Martin, M. M., Staggers, S. M., & Anderson, C. M. (2011). The relationships between cognitive flexibility with dogmatism, intellectual flexibility, preference for consistency, and self-compassion. Communication Research Reports, 28(3), 275–280.
Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027.
Neff, K. D. (2016). The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7, 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0479-3.
Neff, K. D., & Beretvas, S. N. (2013). The role of self-compassion in romantic relationships. Self and Identity, 12(1), 78–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.639548.
Neff, K. D., & Dahm, K. A. (2015). Self-compassion: What it is, what it does, and how it relates to mindfulness. Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation (pp. 121–137). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_10.
Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2017). Self-Compassion and Psychological Well-being. In J. Doty (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science, Chap. 27. Oxford University Press.
Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9, 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860902979307.
Neff, K. D., Pisitsungkagarn, K., & Hsieh, Y. P. (2008). Self-compassion and self-construal in the United States, Thailand, and Taiwan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(3), 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022108314544.
Neff, K. D., & Pommier, E. (2013). The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators. Self and Identity, 12(2), 160–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.649546.
Neff, K. D., Rude, S. S., & Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2007). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(4), 908–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.08.002.
Neff, K., & Germer, C. (2018). The Mindful Self-Compassion Workbook: A Proven Way to accept yourself, Build Inner Strength, and thrive. Guilford Publications.
Parihar, P., Tiwari, G. K., & Rai, P. K. (2020). Understanding the relationship between self-compassion and interdependent happiness of the married hindu couples. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 51(4). https://doi.org/10.24425/ppb.2020.135458.
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self-compassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.702.
Savari, Y., Mohagheghi, H., & Petrocchi, N. (2021). A preliminary investigation on the effectiveness of compassionate mind tTraining for students with major depressive disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Mindfulness, 12(5), 1159–1172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01584-3.
Shahbazi, M., Rajabi, G., Maghami, E., & Jelodari, A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis of the persian version of the self-Compassion rating scale-revised. Psychological Methods and Models, 6(19), 31–46.
Shireen, H., Khanyari, S., Vance, A., Johannesson, H., Preissner, C., Dor-Ziderman, Y., & Knäuper, B. (2022). Paying attention to the self: A systematic review of the study of the self in mindfulness research. Mindfulness, 13(6), 1373–1386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01844-4.
Skoda, A. M. (2011). The relation between self-compassion, depression, and forgiveness of others (Doctoral dissertation, University of Dayton).
Stutts, L. A., Leary, M. R., Zeveney, A. S., & Hufnagle, A. S. (2018). A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between self-compassion and the psychological effects of perceived stress. Self and Identity, 17(6), 609–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1422537.
Tandler, N., & Petersen, L. E. (2020). Are self-compassionate partners less jealous? Exploring the mediation effects of anger rumination and willingness to forgive on the association between self-compassion and romantic jealousy. Current Psychology, 39, 750–760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9797-7.
Tiwari, G. K., Pandey, R., Rai, P. K., Pandey, R., Verma, Y., Parihar, P., & Mandal, S. P. (2020). Self-compassion as an intrapersonal resource of perceived positive mental health outcomes: A thematic analysis. Mental Health Religion & Culture, 23(7), 550–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2020.1774524.
Yarnell, L. M., Stafford, R. E., Neff, K. D., Reilly, E. D., Knox, M. C., & Mullarkey, M. (2015). Meta-analysis of gender differences in self-compassion. Self and Identity, 14(5), 499–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1029966.
Yarnell, L., & Neff, K. (2013). Self-compassion, interpersonal conflict resolutions, and well-being. Self and Identity, 12, 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.649545.
Yip, V. T., & Tong, M. W., E (2021). Self-compassion and attention: Self-compassion facilitates disengagement from negative stimuli. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(5), 593–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1778060.
Zhang, J., Chen, S., & Tomova Shakur, T. (2020). From me to you: Self-compassion predicts acceptance of own and others’ imperfections. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(2), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219853846.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all the participants in this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
HM conceived the study, coordinated the study, conducted the interviews and collected the data, assisted with the design and completion of thematic analyses, and drafted the manuscript, as well as revising the manuscript according to the reviewers’ comments. YS assisted with the coordination of the study, the design of the analysis, the interpretation of the findings, and the revision of the manuscript. HM, OE, and MFZ assisted with the coordination of the study, the design of the analysis, the inter-rating coding, and all were involved with the content analysis. HM and YS drafted this manuscript, which was supplemented by all the other authors. MGH helped with manuscript draft and revision. BKH contributed to the supervision of the study as well as writing part of the paper and critically reviewing the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in study were approved by The Ethics Committee of Isfahan University, Iran (project ref. 2022/706), and all the participants provided signed informed consent at the time of participation. This study was carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Matin, H., Savari, Y., Etemadi, O. et al. Iranian women’s experiences of the consequences of self-compassion as an intrapersonal source in marital relationships: a qualitative study. Curr Psychol 43, 18404–18414 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05674-6
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05674-6