Abstract
Biological and psychological factors influence the multifaceted addictive behavior of excessive gaming. While studies have reported the association of individual monoamine genes and depression or anxiety with excessive gaming, no study has explored the interplay between the biological and psychological factors underlying excessive gaming. Thus, this study examines whether the effects of depression or anxiety on excessive gaming differ as a function of cumulative genetic score (CGS) of seven monoamine genes. We conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses over a year with 117 college students (63.2% male; mean age = 21.87). The cross-sectional analyses showed significant interactions between CGS and depression/anxiety on concurrent excessive gaming at an initial and later time point (i.e., Time 1 and Time 2). Higher levels of depression or anxiety led to higher levels of excessive gaming among individuals with higher CGS even after controlling the effect of anxiety or changes in behavior between Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2). These findings suggest that the effects of psychological distress on excessive gaming may differ as a function of the collective effects of seven monoamine genes. This study also suggests that identifying individuals genetically prone to excessive gaming is crucial-treating their depression or anxiety may be effective in curbing the inclination towards excessive gaming.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
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This study was funded by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) [grant number: 2020R1G1A100828312]. NRF had no role in the study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, writing the manuscript, or the decision to submit the paper for publication.
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Dojin Lee and Seunghee Lee analyzed the data and wrote the draft of the manuscript. Jueun Kim conceived the original idea and reviewed the manuscript. All authors contributed to the manuscript writing and approved the submitted version.
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This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of the Chungnam National University (24 September 2021, protocol code 202003-SB-026–01).
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Dojin Lee and Seunghee Lee contributed equally and should be considered as co-first authors.
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Lee, D., Lee, S. & Kim, J. Interaction effects of cumulative genetic score and psychological distress on excessive gaming: A 2-year longitudinal study. Curr Psychol 43, 16170–16182 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05553-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05553-6