Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Examining the relationship between law enforcement agency support of anti-black racism and black people’s evaluations of policing style: the moderating impact of sex

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of our research is to improve our understanding of the problematic relationship that exists between law enforcement agencies (LEAs) and African-American/Black communities in the United States of America. We focus on LEA support of anti-Black racism and seek to integrate research on the Trump effect into the guardian-officer vs. warrior-cop literature. On the basis that former U.S. President Donald J. Trump represented an anti-Black leader who (1) prioritized authoritarianism and (2) disregarded ethical norms, we rely on social cognitive theory to examine and clarify the relationship between LEA support for Trump (i.e., a proxy for anti-Black racism) and LEA policing style. In a sample of 376 self-identified Black adults, we find that as perceived LEA support for Trump increases, Black people are more likely to rate LEAs higher on LEA authoritarian policing style (aligns with the warrior-cop philosophy) and lower on LEA ethical policing style (aligns with the guardian-officer philosophy). We also position sex as a moderator and discuss when differences exist between Black men and Black women. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The raw data and results outputs are available at https://osf.io/c4wfz/?view_only=167180f9bfbf4d39bfc6ab0f2f644219.

References

  • Abramowitz, A., & McCoy, J. (2019). United States: Racial resentment, negative partisanship, and polarization in Trump’s America. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 681, 137–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agee, C. L. (2020). Crisis and redemption: the history of American police reform since World War II. Journal of Urban History, 46(5), 951–960.

  • Anjum, M. A., Liang, D., Durrani, D. K., & Parvez, A. (2020). Workplace mistreatment and emotional exhaustion: The interaction effects of self-compassion. Current Psychology, 1–12.

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, T. E. (2005). Potential problems in the statistical control of variables in organizational research: A qualitative analysis with recommendations. Organizational Research Methods, 8(3), 274–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobo, L. D. (2017). Racism in Trump’s America: Reflections on culture, sociology, and the 2016 US presidential election. The British Journal of Sociology, 68, S85–S104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, M., Ward, C., Euring, M., Townsend, C., White, N., & Hughes, K. L. (2016). Is there a problem officer? Exploring the lived experience of black men and their relationship with law enforcement. Journal of African American Studies, 20(3), 346–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2014). Do role models matter? An investigation of role modeling as an antecedent of perceived ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(4), 587–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M., Ray, R., Summers, E., & Fraistat, N. (2017). # SayHerName: A case study of intersectional social media activism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), 1831–1846.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrow, R. Jr. (1992). God and human dignity: The personalism, theology, and ethics of Martin Luther King, Jr. University of Notre Dame Pess.

  • Burrow, R. Jr. (2018). Martin Luther King, Jr., and ethical Leadership. Telos, 2018(182), 11–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, T. T. (2017). # say [ing] hername as critical demand: English education in the age of erasure. English Education, 49(2), 153–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaney, C. (2015). Institutional racism: Perspectives on the Department of Justice’s investigation of the Ferguson Police Department. Western Journal of Black Studies, 39(4), 312–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaney, C., & Robertson, R. V. (2013). Racism and police brutality in America. Journal of African American Studies, 17(4), 480–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, B. S., Chou, L. F., Wu, T. Y., Huang, M. P., & Farh, J. L. (2004). Paternalistic leadership and subordinate responses: Establishing a leadership model in chinese organizations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7(1), 89–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, D. M., Moore, S. E., & Jones-Eversley, S. D. (2019). The impact of Donald Trump’s presidency on the well-being of African Americans. Journal of Black Studies, 50(8), 707–730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic press.

  • Cole, A., & Shulman, G. (2018). Donald Trump, the TV show: Michael Rogin Redux. Theory & Event, 21(2), 336–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, B. (2003). The denial of slavery in management studies. Journal of Management Studies, 40(8), 1895–1918.

  • Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., Wittenbrink, B., Sadler, M. S., & Keesee, T. (2007). Across the thin blue line: Police officers and racial bias in the decision to shoot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1006.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Correll, J., Hudson, S. M., Guillermo, S., & Ma, D. S. (2014). The police officer’s dilemma: A decade of research on racial bias in the decision to shoot. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(5), 201–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, A. (1983). Women, race & class. Vintage.

  • Davis, D. A. (2019). Trump, Race, and Reproduction in the afterlife of Slavery. Cultural Anthropology, 34(1), 26–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demirtas, O., & Akdogan, A. A. (2015). The effect of ethical leadership behavior on ethical climate, turnover intention, and affective commitment. Journal of Business Ethics, 130, 59–67.

  • Drakulich, K., Wozniak, K. H., Hagan, J., & Johnson, D. (2020). Race and policing in the 2016 presidential election: Black lives matter, the police, and dog whistle politics. Criminology, 58(2), 370–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Druckman, J. N., & Jacobs, L. (2010). Presidential responsiveness to public opinion. The Oxford handbook of the american presidency. Oxford University Press.

  • Ekins, E. (2017). The five types of Trump voters. Democracy Fund Voter Study Group, June. Available (accessed 21 June 2017) at: https://www.voterstudygroup.org/reports/2016-elections/the-five-types-trump-voters

  • Evans, M. G. (1985). A Monte Carlo study of the effects of correlated method variance in moderated multiple regression analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36, 305–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari, J. R., Roster, C. A., Crum, K. P., & Pardo, M. A. (2018). Procrastinators and clutter: An ecological view of living with excessive “Stuff. Current Psychology, 37, 441–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fluker, W. E. (1998). The stones that the builders rejected: The development of ethical leadership from the black church tradition. A&C Black.

  • Forman Jr, J. (2017). Locking up our own: Crime and punishment in Black America. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

  • Goldstein, D. M., & Hall, K. (2017). Postelection surrealism and nostalgic racism in the hands of Donald Trump. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 7(1), 397–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • González, Y. M. (2020). Authoritarian police in democracy: Contested security in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.

  • Gossett, J. L., & Williams, J. E. (1998). Perceived discrimination among women in law enforcement. Women & Criminal Justice, 10(1), 53–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, K. N. (2018). Policing Black Women’s and black girls’ Bodies in the Carceral United States. Souls, 20(1), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, A. V., Hall, E. V., & Perry, J. L. (2016). Black and blue: Exploring racial bias and law enforcement in the killings of unarmed black male civilians. American Psychologist, 71(3), 175–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayek, M., Novicevic, M. M., Humphreys, J. H., & Jones, N. (2010). Ending the denial of slavery in management history: Paternalistic leadership of Joseph Emory Davis. Journal of Management History, 16(3), 367–379.

  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, T. J. (2017). # MyNYPD: Transforming Twitter into a public place for protest. Computers and Composition, 43, 118–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herreria, C. (2017). Naval Ceremony Turns Political after Donald Trump Asks Crowd to Call Congress. Huffington Post.

  • Holmes, I. V., O (2020). Police brutality and four other ways racism kills black people. Equality Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 39(7), 603–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoover, L., & Caeti, T. (1994). Crime specific policing in Houston. Telemasp Bulletin, 1(9), 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, L. (2018). The stability of implicit racial bias in police officers. Police Quarterly, 21(1), 30–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jean-Pierre, J. (2021). How african Nova Scotians envision culturally relevant and sustaining pedagogy as civic repair. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 42(8), 1153–1171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, L. E. (2018). The most unprotected of all human beings”: Black girls, State Violence, and the limits of Protection in Jim Crow Virginia. Souls, 20(1), 14–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, L. S., Walsdorf, A. A., Roche, K. M., & Falusi, O. O. (2021). I am affected in all the ways … a phenomenographic analysis of Latinx adolescents’ perceptions of family separations at the border. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27(4), 736–745.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2006). Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language Chicago: Scientific Software.

  • Joyce, P., & Laverick, W. (2018). Spit guards, ethical policing and the need for an evidence-based approach. Safer Communities, 17(3), 145–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang, J. H. (2015). Participation in the community social control, the neighborhood watch groups: Individual-and neighborhood-related factors. Crime & Delinquency, 61(2), 188–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellner, D. (2016). American nightmare: Donald Trump, media spectacle, and authoritarian populism (117 vol.). Springer.

  • Kellner, D. (2018). Donald Trump as authoritarian populist: A frommian analysis. Critical theory and authoritarian populism, 71–82.

  • Kiazad, K., Restubog, S. L. D., Zagenczyk, T. J., Kiewitz, C., & Tang, R. L. (2010). In pursuit of power: The role of authoritarian leadership in the relationship between supervisors’ machiavellianism and subordinates’ perceptions of abusive supervisory behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(4), 512–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, D. D., Hall, A. V., Johnson, L., Carter, J., Burrows, D., & Samuel, N. (2023). Research on anti-black racism in organizations: Insights, ideas, and considerations. Journal of Business and Psychology, 38(1), 145–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, T., & Cortina, J. M. (2021). Play it again, Sam! An analysis of constructive replication in the organizational sciences. Journal of Management, 47(2), 488–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, J. (2020, September 4). Trump wins backing of largest U.S. police union as he touts ‘law and order’. Reuters.

  • Lauer, C. (2020, October 18). Black officers break from unions over Trump endorsements. Associated Press News. https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-race-and-ethnicity-donald-trump-us-news-police-d30d88679c433ad4292e3ecfa6e1c635

  • Lavalley, R., & Johnson, K. R. (2020). Occupation, injustice, and anti-black racism in the United States of America. Journal of Occupational Science, 1–13.

  • Lea, J. (2000). The Macpherson Report and the question of institutional racism. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(3), 219–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. H., Shin, Y., & Kim, M. (2021). Why work meaningfulness alone is not enough: The role of social identification and task interdependence as facilitative boundary conditions. Current Psychology, 40, 1031–1047.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luse, W., Walker, H., Brooks, S., Samuel, D., & Howard, Z. (2021). It’s time for a change: Recommendations to inspire talent management reforms within policing [White paper]. Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology.

  • Maguire, E. R., Kuhns, J. B., Uchida, C. D., & Cox, S. M. (1997). Patterns of community policing in nonurban America. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34(3), 368–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manchester, J. (2017). David Duke: Charlottesville Protests About ‘Fulfilling Promises of Donald Trump’. The Hill, 12.

  • Martinez-Fuentes, S., Jager, J., & Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2021). The mediation process between latino youths’ family ethnic socialization, ethnic–racial identity, and academic engagement: Moderation by ethnic–racial discrimination? Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27(2), 296–306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mawritz, M. B., Mayer, D. M., Hoobler, J. M., Wayne, S. J., & Marinova, S. V. (2012). A trickle-down model of abusive supervision. Personnel Psychology, 65(2), 325–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, D. M., Kuenzi, M., Greenbaum, R., Bardes, M., & Salvador, R. B. (2009). How low does ethical leadership flow? Test of a trickle-down model. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCann, J., & Holt, R. (2009). Ethical leadership and organizations: An analysis of leadership in the manufacturing industry based on the perceived leadership integrity scale. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(2), 211–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • McElwee, S., & McDaniel, J. (2017). ; May 8). Economic anxiety didn’t make people vote Trump, racism did. The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/economic-anxiety-didnt-make-people-vote-trump-racism-did/

  • McLean, K., Wolfe, S. E., Rojek, J., Alpert, G. P., & Smith, M. R. (2020). Police officers as warriors or guardians: Empirical reality or intriguing rhetoric? Justice Quarterly, 37(6), 1096–1118.

    Google Scholar 

  • McManus, H. D., Cullen, F. T., Jonson, C. L., Burton, A. L., & Burton, V. S. Jr. (2019). Will black lives matter to the police? African Americans’ concerns about Trump’s presidency. Victims & Offenders, 14(8), 1040–1062.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moon, T. W., Hur, W. M., & Hyun, S. S. (2019). How service employees’ work motivations lead to job performance: The role of service employees’ job creativity and customer orientation. Current Psychology, 38, 517–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, S. E., Kessler, S. R., Martinko, M. J., & Mackey, J. D. (2022). The relationship between follower affect for President Trump and the adoption of COVID-19 personal protective behaviors. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 29(2), 233–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P. E., & Enderle, G. (1995). Managerial ethical leadership: Examples do matter. Business Ethics Quarterly, 117–128.

  • Neidig, P. H., Russell, H. E., & Seng, A. F. (1992). Interspousal aggression in law enforcement families: A preliminary investigation. Police Stud : Int’l Rev Police Dev, 15, 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuhauser, A. (2016, September 16). Nation’s Biggest Police Union Endorses Trump. U.S News & World Reportshttps://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-09-16/nations-biggest-police-union-endorses-trump

  • O’Leary-Kelly, A. M., & Bowes-Sperry, L. (2001). Sexual harassment as unethical behavior: The role of moral intensity. Human Resource Management Review, 11(1–2), 73–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paoline, E. A. (2003). Taking stock: Toward a richer understanding of police culture. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 199–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, C. S., & Towler, C. C. (2019). Race and authoritarianism in american politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 22, 503–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persico, N., & Todd, P. (2006). Generalising the hit rates test for racial bias in law enforcement, with an application to vehicle searches in Wichita. The Economic Journal, 116(515), F351–F367.

  • Pham, H., & Van, P. H. (2019). Subfederal immigration regulation and the Trump effect. New York University Law Review, 94, 125–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–904.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahr, S., & Rice, S. K. (2015). From warriors to guardians: Recommitting american police culture to democratic ideals. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.

  • Reichel, P. L. (1988). Southern slave patrols as a transitional police type. American Journal of Police, 7, 51–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren, L., Cao, L., Lovrich, N., & Gaffney, M. (2005). Linking confidence in the police with the performance of the police: Community policing can make a difference. Journal of Criminal Justice, 33(1), 55–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, D. B., Young, N. C., Johnson, D., Walton, R., & Stacy, S. (2020). Overall justice and supervisor conscientiousness: Implications for ethical leadership and employee self-esteem. Business Ethics: A European Review, 29(4), 856–869.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, A. J., & Jones-Brown, D. (2017). Policing race, gender, and sex: A review of law enforcement policies. Women & Criminal Justice, 27(1), 21–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, A. S., & Caldwell, D. (2020). Going negative’: An appraisal analysis of the rhetoric of Donald Trump on Twitter. Language & communication, 70, 13–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rucker, J., Duker, A., & Richeson, J. (2019). Structurally unjust: How lay beliefs about racism relate to perceptions of and responses to racial inequality in criminal justice.

  • Rudden, M., & Brandt, S. (2018). Donald Trump as leader: Psychoanalytic perspectives. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 15(1), 43–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rukus, J., Warner, M. E., & Zhang, X. (2018). Community policing: Least effective where need is greatest. Crime & Delinquency, 64(14), 1858–1881.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez, J. C. (2018). Trump, the KKK, and the versatility of white supremacy rhetoric. Journal of Contemporary Rhetoric, 8, 44–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahrasbi, S. (2020). Can a presidential Pardon Trump an article III Court’s criminal contempt conviction? A separation of Powers Analysis of President Trump’s Pardon of Sheriff Joe Arpaio. The Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, 18(207), 207–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharifi Bastan, F., Spada, M. M., Khosravani, V., & Ardestani, S. (2022). S. M. The independent contribution of desire thinking to problematic social media use. Current Psychology, 1–10.

  • Sides, J. (2017). Race, Religion, and Immigration in 2016: How the Debate over American Identity shaped the election and what it means for a Trump Presidency. ” A Research Report from the Democracy Fund Voter Study Group.

  • Siemaszko, C. (2016, September, 22). Black Cops at Odds With Fraternal Order of Police Over Trump Endorsement. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/black-cops-odds-fraternal-order-police-over-trump-endorsement-n652071

  • Siemsen, E., Roth, A., & Oliveira, P. (2010). Common method bias in regression models with linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Organizational Research Methods, 13(3), 456–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stinson Sr, P. M., & Liederbach, J. (2013). Fox in the henhouse: A study of police officers arrested for crimes associated with domestic and/or family violence. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 24(5), 601–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stinson Sr, P. M., Liederbach, J., Brewer Jr, S. L., & Mathna, B. E. (2015). Police sexual misconduct: A national scale study of arrested officers. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 26(7), 665–690.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoughton (2016). Principled policing: Warrior cops and guardian officers. Wake Forest Law Review, 51, 611–676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tetlock, P. E., Armor, D., & Peterson, R. S. (1994). The slavery debate in antebellum America: Cognitive style, value conflict, and the limits of compromise. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(1), 115–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Texeira, M. T. (2002). Who protects and serves me?” A case study of sexual harassment of african american women in one US law enforcement agency. Gender & Society, 16(4), 524–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilley, B. (2020). I am the law and order candidate: A content analysis of Donald Trump’s race-baiting dog whistles in the 2016 presidential campaign. Psychology, 11, 1941–1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobias, H., & Joseph, A. (2020). Sustaining systemic racism through psychological gaslighting: Denials of racial profiling and justifications of carding by police utilizing local news media. Race and Justice, 10(4), 424–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Towler, C. C., & Parker, C. S. (2018). Between anger and engagement: Donald Trump and black America. Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics, 3(1), 219–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulis, J. (1987). The rhetorical presidency. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R. (2005). Policing in black and white: Ethnic group differences in trust and confidence in the police. Police Quarterly, 8(3), 322–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldron, I. R. (2020). The wounds that do not heal: Black expendability and the traumatizing aftereffects of anti-black police violence. Equality Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 40(1), 29–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, A. M., Thompson, F., Rudolph, L., Whelan, J. V., Behrend, T. J., T. S., & Gissel, A. L. (2013). When big brother is watching: Goal orientation shapes reactions to electronic monitoring during online training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(4), 642–657.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wehrman, M. M., & De Angelis, J. (2011). Citizen willingness to participate in police-community partnerships: Exploring the influence of race and neighborhood context. Police Quarterly, 14(1), 48–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weitzer, R., & Tuch, S. A. (1999). Race, class, and perceptions of discrimination by the police. Crime & Delinquency, 45(4), 494–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, C. M. (2002). Battered, black, and blue: An overview of violence in the lives of black women. Women & Therapy, 25(3–4), 5–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, E. A., Pillai, R., McCombs, K., Lowe, K. B., & Deptula, B. J. (2020). Adaptive and maladaptive narcissism, charisma, and leadership performance: A study of perceptions about the presidential leadership of Donald Trump. Leadership, 16(6), 661–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willingham, B. (2018). Black women and state-sanctioned violence: A history of victimization and exclusion. Canadian Review of American Studies, 48(1), 77–94.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Current Psychology’s review team forvery developmental and helpful feedback on previous drafts. We also thank the Management Faculty of Color Association?s Research Collaboration Initiative and The PhD Project, which serves as the impetus for initiating this project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Miami University, Oxford, USA

    Darryl B. Rice

  2. Colorado State University – Global Campus, Aurora, USA

    Paul Prosper

  3. University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, USA

    Doug A. Franklin

  4. University of La Verne, La Verne, USA

    William Luse

Authors
  1. Darryl B. Rice
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paul Prosper
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Doug A. Franklin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. William Luse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Darryl B. Rice.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

This study was approved by Miami University’s Institutional Review Board. Subsequently, all procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Conflict of interest

No conflict of interest existed for the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rice, D.B., Prosper, P., Franklin, D.A. et al. Examining the relationship between law enforcement agency support of anti-black racism and black people’s evaluations of policing style: the moderating impact of sex. Curr Psychol 43, 8777–8787 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05042-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05042-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation