Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Social support and parenting self-efficacy in parents of children with ASD: The mediating role of post-traumatic growth and the moderating role of self-esteem

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Parenting self-efficacy of parents of children with ASD has an important impact on their parenting behavior. Previous studies have found that social factors and parents’ psychological factors are related to their parenting self-efficacy, but research on the internal mechanism of parenting self-efficacy with these factors is still limited. The present study aimed to explore the relationship among social support, post-traumatic growth, self-esteem and parenting self-efficacy of parents of children with ASD, and the mechanism behind these relationships. A total of 208 Chinese parents (Nfather = 31, Nmother = 177) of children with ASD were selected to complete a self-report questionnaire measuring social support, parenting self-efficacy, post-traumatic growth and self-esteem. The results indicated that there were significant positive correlations among social support, parenting self-efficacy, post-traumatic growth and self-esteem. Additionally, it was found that post-traumatic growth of parents of children with ASD played a partial mediating role in the relationship between social support and parenting self-efficacy, which was moderated by the level of parental self-esteem. Specifically, the mediating role of post-traumatic growth was stronger for low self-esteem participants. These findings not only contribute to a better understanding of how social support increases parenting self-efficacy, but also remind us that some psychological factors should be considered in the exploration process, such as post-traumatic growth and self-esteem of individuals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig.4
Fig.5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Aguiar, M., & Pond´e, M. (2020). Autism: Impact of the diagnosis in the parents. Jornal Brasileiro De Psiquiatria, 69(3), 149–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali, M., Farooq, N., Bhatti, M. A., & Kuroiwa, C. (2012). Assessment of prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of earthquake in Pakistan using Davidson Trauma Scale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 238–243.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

  • Back, M. D., Baumert, A., Denissen, J. J. A., Hartung, F., Penke, L., Schmukle, S. C., Schönbrodt, F. D., Schröder-abé, M., Vollmann, M., Wagner, J., & Wrzus, C. (2011). PERSOC: A unified framework for understanding the dynamic interplay of personality and social relationships. European Journal of Personality, 25(2), 90–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 13, 158–166. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Gerbino, M., & Pastorelli, C. (2003). Role of affective self-regulatory efficacy in diverse spheres of psychosocial functioning. Child Development, 74(3), 769–782.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barskova, T., & Oesterreich, R. (2009). Post- traumatic growth in people living with a serious medical condition and its relations to physical and mental health:a systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 31(21), 1709–1733.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batool, S. S., & Khurshid, S. (2015). Factors Associated with Stress Among Parents of Children with Autism. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan: JCPSP, 25(10), 752–756.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F. (1997a). Identity, self-concept, and self-esteem: The self lost and found. In Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 681‐710). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012134645-4/50027-5

  • Baumeister, R. F. (1997b). Identity, self-concept, and self-esteem: The self lost and found. In R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 681–710). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012134645-4/50027-5

  • Benson, P. R. (2016). The Longitudinal Effects of Network Characteristics on the Mental Health of Mothers of Children with ASD: The Mediating Role of Parent Cognitions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(5), 1699–1715.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. D., & Dutton, K. A. (1995). The thrill of victory, the complexity of defeat: Self-esteem and people’s emotional reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 712–722.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2014). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: An expanded framework. In Handbook of posttraumatic growth (3‐23). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315805597

  • Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. The American Psychologist, 59(8), 676–684.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, S. J., Glazebrook, C., Sheard, C., Ndukwe, G., & Oates, M. (2006). Maternal self-esteem after successful treatment for infertility. Fertility and Sterility, 85(1), 84–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das, S., Das, B., Nath, K., Dutta, A., Bora, P., & Hazarika, M. (2017). Impact of stress, coping, social support, and resilience of families having children with autism: A North East India-based study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 28, 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.03.040

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Man, A. F., & Gutierrez, B. I. (2002). The relationship between level of self-esteem and suicidal ideation with stability of self-esteem as moderator. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 34(3), 235–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolbier, C. L., Jaggars, S. S., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2010). Stress-Related Growth: Pre-Intervention Correlates and Change Following a Resilience Intervention. Stress and Health, 26(2), 135–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doré, C. (2017). L’estime de soi: Analyse de concept. Recherche En Soins Infirmiers, 129(2), 18–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunst, C. J., Trivette, C., & Cross, A. H. (1986). Mediating influences of social support: Personal, family, and child outcomes. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90(4), 403–417.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebrahim, M. T., & Alothman, A. A. (2021). Resilience and social support as predictors of post-traumatic growth in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in Saudi Arabia. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 113, 103943. https://doi.org/10.1016/i.ridd.2021.103943

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2015). A new look at social support: A theoretical perspective on thriving through relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(2), 113–147.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Alcantara, M., Garcia-Caro, M., Perez-Marfil, M., Hueso-Montoro, C., Laynez-Rubio, C., & Cruz-Quintana, F. (2016). Feelings of loss and grief in parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 55, 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.05.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frantz, R., Hansen, S. G., & Machalicek, W. (2018). Interventions to promote well-being in parents of children with autism: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 5, 58–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-017-0123-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, L. L., Sun, K., & Chan, S. W. (2014). Social support and parenting self-efficacy among Chinese women in the perinatal period. Midwifery, 30(5), 532–538.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodday, S., Bentall, R., Jones, S., Weir, A., & Duffy, A. (2019). Coping strategies and self-esteem in the high-risk offspring of bipolar parents. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53(2), 129–135.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Rosenblatt, A., Burling, J., Lyon, D., Simon, L., & Pinel, E. (1992). Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 913–922.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grindle, C. F., Kovshoff, H., Hastings, R. P., & Remington, B. (2009). Parents’ experiences of home-based applied behavior analysis programs for young children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(1), 42–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guillamón, N., Nieto, R., Pousada, M., Redolar, D., Muñoz, E., Hernández, E., Boixadós, M., & Gómez-Zúñiga, B. (2013). Quality of life and mental health among parents of children with cerebral palsy: The influence of self-efficacy and coping strategies. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(11–12), 1579–1590.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han, S. W., & Choi, E. (2016). The Effects of Self-esteem and Problem Focused Coping on Post-traumatic Growth among Police Officers. Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing, 25(3), 141–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. Guilford Publications. https://doi.org/10.1111/jedm.12050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 629–642.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Healey, D., Gray, A. R., Chae, M., Taylor, B. J., Lawrence, J., Reith, D. M., & Wheeler, B. J. (2018). The role of parent and child self-regulation in children’s glycemic control. Health Psychology, 37(4), 326–333.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R. (1949). Families under stress: Adjustment to the crises of war separation and reunion. Harper Brothers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, N. E., & Bush, K. R. (2001). Relationships Between Parenting Environment and Children’s Mental Health Among African American and European American Mothers and Children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(4), 954–966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong, X., & Liu, Q. (2021). Parenting stress, social support and parenting self-efficacy in Chinese families: Does the number of children matter? Early Child Development and Care, 191(14), 2269–2280.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, J. (1981). Work, stress and social support. Wesley Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.2307/2069001

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jin, Y., Xu, J., & Liu, D. (2014). The relationship between post traumatic stress disorder and post traumatic growth: Gender differences in PTG and PTSD subgroups. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(12), 1903–1910.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parenting self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(3), 341–363.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, L., Rowe, J., & Becker, T. (2009). Appraisal, coping, and social support as predictors of psychological distress and parenting efficacy in parents of premature infants. Children’s Health Care, 38(4), 245–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jose, P. E. (2013). Doing Statistical Mediation and Moderation. Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, S., & Bloomfield, L. (2005). Developing and validating a tool to measure parenting self-efficacy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51(2), 174–181.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 32, pp. 1‐62). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(00)80003-9

  • Lee, J., Kim, J., Cha, D., & Lee, H. (2013). Are parent education programs in South Korea really effective? A meta-analytic study using journal articles. Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 31(3), 27–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, L. Y., Jiang, N., & Zhao, Y. (2015). Analysis of post-traumatic growth status and its influencing factors of parents of children with ASD (in Chinese). Chinese Journal of Nursing, 03, 317–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, M., Chen, J., He, W., Pang, F., & Zou, Y. (2021). Association between perceived social support of parents and emotional/behavioral problems in children with ASD: A chain mediation model. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 113, 103933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103933

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Z., Xia, Y., & Lin, Z. (2019). Post-traumatic growth following exposure to memorial reports of the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake: the moderating roles of self-esteem and long-term PTSD symptoms. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(18), 3239.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Baio, J., Washington, A., Patrick, M., DiRienzo, M., et al. (2020). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries, 69(4), 1–12.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mano, E. (2016). Social support and grand parenting in autistic children families. Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences, 2(1), 193–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markoulakis, R., Fletcher, P., & Bryden, P. (2012). Seeing the glass half full: Benefits to the lived experiences of female primary caregivers of children with autism. Clinical Nurse Specialist CNS, 26(1), 48–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, B., Kollia, B., Wagner, V., & Yablonsky, D. (2018). Identifying Depression in Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Recommendations for Professional Practice. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 56(4), 23–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathew, S., Zhai, F., & Gao, Q. (2017). Social support and parental nurturance among Asian Indian families in the US: Mediating role of parenting self-efficacy. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 38, 354–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-017-9530-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mikula, P., Nagyova, I., Vitkova, M., & Szilasiova, J. (2018). Management of multiple sclerosis: The role of coping self-efficacy and self-esteem. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 23(8), 964–969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moksnes, U. K., & Espnes, G. A. (2012). Self-esteem and emotional health in adolescents–gender and age as potential moderators. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53(6), 483–489.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ooi, K. L., Ong, Y. S., Jacob, S. A., & Khan, T. M. (2016). A meta-synthesis on parenting a child with autism. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 745–762. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S100634

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Meier, L. L. (2009). Disentangling the effects of low self-esteem and stressful events on depression:Findings from three longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(2), 307–321.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandya, S. P. (2021). Examining the Effectiveness of WhatsApp-Based Spiritual Posts on Mitigating Stress and Building Resilience, Maternal Confidence and Self-efficacy Among Mothers of Children with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(5), 1479–1495.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, K. W., McCammon, S. L., Wuensch, K. L., & Golden, J. A. (2009). Enrichment, stress, and growth from parenting an individual with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 34(2), 133–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prati, G., & Pietrantoni, L. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 14(5), 364–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400876136

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblum-Fishman, S. D. (2013). Maternal self-efficacy and perceived stigma among mothers of children with ASD, ADHD, and typically developing children. University of Massachusetts Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, M. M., Joseph, B. M., Saylor, C., & Mann, R. J. (2000). Women’s perception of provider, social, and program support in an outpatient drug treatment program. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 19, 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0740-5472(00)00103-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, J., & Moos, R. (1998). The context for posttraumatic growth: Life crises, individual and social resources, and coping. In R. Tedeschi, C. Park, & L. Calhoun (Eds.), Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis (pp. 99–125). Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schertz, H. H., Lester, J. N., Erden, E., Safran, S., & Githens, P. (2020). Challenges and contributors to self-efficacy for caregivers of toddlers with autism. Autism : The International Journal of Research and Practice, 24(5), 1260–1272.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sidener, E. A. (2019). Resilience and post-traumatic growth in parents of children with special needs. OSR Journal of Student Research, 5(1), 350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart, L. K. (2016). Parenting self-efficacy in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Brigham Young University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. R., Mackie, D. M., & Claypool, H. M. (2014). Perceiving groups. Social Psychology, 141‐189. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203833698

  • Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 21. Social psychological studies of the self: Perspectives and programs (261–302). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60229-4

  • Taku, K., & McDiarmid, L. (2015). Personally important posttraumatic growth in adolescents: The effect on self-esteem beyond commonly defined posttraumatic growth. Journal of Adolescence, 44, 224–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.08.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian, L. M. (2006). Shortcoming and merits of Chinese version of Rosenberg (1965) Self-Esteem Scale (in Chinese). Psychological Exploration, 26(02), 88–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiba, A., Johnson, C., & Vădineanu, A. (2012). Cognitive vulnerability and adjustment to having a child with a disability in parents of children with Autistic Spectrum disorder. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 12(2), 209–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Chen, Y., Wang, Y. B., & Liu, X. H. (2011). Revision of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and testing its reliability and validity (in Chinese). Journal of Nursing Science, 26(14), 26–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, J. A., Wingsiong, A., & Lunsky, Y. (2014). Defining crisis in families of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 18(8), 985–995.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wittkowski, A., Dowling, H., & Smith, D. M. (2016). Does Engaging in a Group-Based Intervention Increase Parental Self-efficacy in Parents of Preschool Children? A Systematic Review of the Current Literature. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(11), 3173–3191.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, X., Hu, M. L., Song, Y., Lu, Z. X., Chen, Y. Q., Wu, D. X., & Xiao, T. (2016). Effect of positive psychological intervention on posttraumatic growth among primary healthcare workers in China: A preliminary prospective study. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, S., Yang, J., Ye, M., Chen, S., Xie, C., Huang, J., & Liu, H. (2021). Post-traumatic Growth and Related Influencing Factors in Discharged COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 658307. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.658307

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, Y., Xie, X. C., Gai, X. S., Chen, X., & Wang, H. (2021b). Assessment results of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) in middle school and college students in China (in Chinese). Chinese Mental Health Journal, 35(10), 863–868.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, J., Liao, L. Q., Bai, X. Y., Zhu, Z. H., & Li, X. Y. (2021). Research on the revision of Chinese simplified version of family social support scale for children with ASD (in Chinese). Theory and Practice of Education, 41(26), 26–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaidman-Zait, A., Mirenda, P., Duku, E., Vaillancourt, T., Smith, I. M., Szatmari, P., et al. (2017). Impact of personal and social resources on parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 21(2), 155–166.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, W., Zeng, Y., Xu, Y., Huang, D., Shao, J., Wu, J., & Wu, X. (2021). The Influence of Post-Traumatic Growth on College Students’ Creativity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of General Self-Efficacy and the Moderating Role of Deliberate Rumination. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 665973. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.665973

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, W., Yan, T. T., Barriball, K. L., While, A. E., & Liu, X. H. (2015). Post-traumatic growth in mothers of children with autism: A phenomenological study. Autism, 19(1), 29–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, M. Y. (2007). A study on family social support, parenting stress and empowerment of children with developmental retardation. National Changhua University of Education, Master Dissertation (In Chinese).

  • Zhao, Y., An, Y., Sun, X., & Liu, J. (2020). Self-Acceptance, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Post-Traumatic Growth, and the Role of Social Support in Chinese Rescue Workers. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(3), 264–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Y. T. (2017). The effect of family-focused educational therapy for caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder: parenting self-efficacy and emotion. Chongqing Medical University. Master Dissertation (in Chinese).

  • Zou, X. B. (2001). Research progress on childhood autism (in Chinese). Guangdong Medical Journal, 09, 767–768. https://doi.org/10.13820/j.cnki.gdyx.2001.09.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo, P. Y., Chen, L. H., & Lin, D. H. (2016). Perceived discrimination and mental health problems in MSM HIV-infected individuals: a moderating role of self-esteem (in Chinese). Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, (04), 627‐630. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2016.04.011

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Mental Health Education, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, China

    Jing Zhang, Xiaofang Lin, Shuangzhu Zhou, Baojuan Ye & Hongxing Xiong

  2. School of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, China

    Yu Zhang

Authors
  1. Jing Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiaofang Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shuangzhu Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Baojuan Ye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yu Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hongxing Xiong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hongxing Xiong.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Ethical approval for the present study was granted by the Ethics Committee of the University (Blind review requires)and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Consent to participate

All participants were provided with an online informed consent before their participation.

Conflict of interest

The authors state that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, J., Lin, X., Zhou, S. et al. Social support and parenting self-efficacy in parents of children with ASD: The mediating role of post-traumatic growth and the moderating role of self-esteem. Curr Psychol 43, 9025–9040 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05031-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05031-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation