Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

EFL teachers in lockdown: does work-related rumination predict work-related behavior patterns during covid pandemic?

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The outbreak of Covid-19 and the rise of remote working have blurred the boundaries between home and work for many professionals, including English Foreign Language teachers (EFL). This situation has provided an opportunity for work-related thoughts to persist even after the task is over. This is the first study to investigate how work-related rumination might result in different work-related behavior patterns by jeopardizing recovery from work. In a descriptive cross-sectional study, the researchers selected 237 EFL teachers (127 female) as the study sample. The work-related rumination and work-related behaviors and patterns questionnaires were administered to collect the data. The findings indicate that different types of work-related rumination affect EFL teachers’ stress reactions and are differentially related to various aspects of their mental health and professional commitment. Specifically, the results show that affective rumination and insufficient psychological detachment from work can predict unhealthy work behavior patterns. However, problem-solving pondering can predict both some healthy and unhealthy work behavior patterns. Our results confirm that work-related rumination can have both positive and negative consequences. It is crucial that EFL teachers develop skills for better management of affective rumination and psychological detachment from work, and set boundaries between work and private life. Additionally, spending time thinking about problem-solving outside of work is an effective way to solve problems and challenges at work, which may decrease occupational impairment. However, this does not mean that EFL teachers should always use their free time for work-related issues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The data presented in this manuscript are available upon reasonable request.

References

  • Abduh, M. Y. M. (2021). Full-time online assessment during COVID-19 lockdown: EFL teachers’ perceptions. Asian EFL Journal, 28(1.1), 26–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akbana, Y. E., & Dikilitaş, K. (2022). EFL Teachers’ sources of remote teaching anxiety: Insights and implications for EFL Teacher Education. Acta Educationis Generalis, 12(1), 157–180. https://doi.org/10.2478/atd-2022-0009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akcor, G., & Savasci, M. (2020). A review of Challenges and Recommendations for novice EFL Teachers in Turkey. Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), 14(2), 16–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Samiri, R. A. (2021). English Language Teaching in Saudi Arabia in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Positive Outcomes. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue on Covid-19 Challenges, (1) 147–159. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/covid.11.

  • Asanjarani, F., Kumar, A., & Kalani, S. (2023). Student subjective wellbeing amidst the covid-19 pandemic in Iran: Role of loneliness, resilience and parental involvement. Child Indicators Research, 16(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-022-09963-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aulén, A. M., Pakarinen, E., Feldt, T., Tolvanen, A., & Lerkkanen, M. K. (2022). Psychological Detachment as a Mediator Between Successive Days’ Job Stress and Negative Affect of Teachers. Frontiers in Education, 7, Article 903606. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.903606.

  • Bartosiewicz, A., Łuszczki, E., Zaręba, L., Kuchciak, M., Bobula, G., Dereń, K., & Król, P. (2022). Assessment of job satisfaction, self-efficacy, and the level of professional burnout of primary and secondary school teachers in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic. PeerJ, 10, e13349. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13349.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, J., Stamm, A., Virnich, K., Wissing, K., Müller, U., Wirsching, M., & Schaarschmidt, U. (2006). Correlation between burnout syndrome and psychological and psychosomatic symptoms among teachers. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 79, 199–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-005-0050-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauwens, R., Muylaert, J., Clarysse, E., Audenaert, M., & Decramer, A. (2020). Teachers’ acceptance and use of digital learning environments after hours: Implications for work-life balance and the role of integration preference. Computers in Human Behavior, 112, 106479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, A. A., Bakker, A. B., & Field, J. G. (2018). Recovery from the work-related effort: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(3), 262–275. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, A., Gabriel, A., Calderwood, C., Dahling, J., & Trougakos, J. (2016). Better together? Examining profiles of employee recovery experiences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101, 1635–1654. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanco-Encomienda, F. J., García-Cantero, R., & Latorre-Medina, M. J. (2020). Association between Work-Related rumination, work Environment, and Employee Well-Being: A Meta-Analytic Study of Main and Moderator Effects. Social Indicators Research, 150(3), 887–910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02356-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of psychosomatic research, 60(2), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CEPAL-UNESCO (2020). Education in the time of COVID-19. Geopolitica. http://hdl.handle.net/11362/45904.

  • Cheng, X. (2020). Challenges of’school’s out, but class’s onto school education: Practical exploration of chinese schools during the COVID-19 pandemic. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 5(2), 501–516. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3565605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cropley, M., Michalianou, G., Pravettoni, G., & Millward, L. J. (2012). The relation of post-work ruminative thinking with eating behaviour. Stress and Health, 28(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cropley, M., & Millward, L. J. (2009). How do individuals ‘switch-off’ from work during leisure? A qualitative description of the unwinding process in high and low ruminators. Leisure Studies, 28(3), 333–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360902951682.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cropley, M., & Millward Purvis, L. (2003). Job strain and rumination about work issues during leisure time: A diary study. European Journal of Work and organizational psychology, 12(3), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320344000093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cropley, M., Plans, D., Morelli, D., Sütterlin, S., Inceoglu, I., Thomas, G., & Chu, C. (2017). The Association between Work-Related rumination and heart rate variability: A Field Study [Original Research]. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 27. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00027.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cropley, M., Rydstedt, L. W., Devereux, J. J., & Middleton, B. (2015). The relationship between work-related rumination and Evening and Morning Salivary Cortisol Secretion. Stress and Health, 31(2), 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2538.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cropley, M., & Zijlstra, F. (2011). Work and rumination. In J. Langan-Fox, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Handbook of stress in the occupations (pp. 487–502). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cropley, M., Zijlstra, F. R. H., Querstret, D., & Beck, S. (2016). Is work-related rumination Associated with deficits in executive functioning? [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01524.

  • Dai, D., & Lin, G. (2020). Online Home Study Plan for postponed 2020 Spring Semester during the COVID-19 epidemic: A case study of Tangquan Middle School in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 4(2), 543–547. https://doi.org/10.15354/bece.20.rp005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demir, Y. (2017). What, how and why? A multi-dimensional case analysis of the Challenges facing native and non-native EFL Teachers. PASAA: Journal of Language Teaching and Learning in Thailand, 54, 141–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demsky, C. A., Fritz, C., Hammer, L. B., & Black, A. E. (2019). Workplace incivility and employee sleep: The role of rumination and recovery experiences. Journal of occupational health psychology, 24(2), 228–240. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebert, D. D., Berking, M., Thiart, H., Riper, H., Laferton, J. A., Cuijpers, P., Sieland, B., & Lehr, D. (2015). Restoring depleted resources: Efficacy and mechanisms of change of an internet-based unguided recovery training for better sleep and psychological detachment from work. Health Psychology, 34(S), 1240. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J. D. (1996). Straightforward statistics for the behavioral sciences. California, United States of America: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, T. S. (2021). COVID-19 challenged me to re-create my teaching Entirely”: Adaptation Challenges of four novice EFL Teachers of moving from ‘Face-to-Face’To ‘Face-to-screen’Teaching. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 9(3 (Special Issue)), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.30466/ijltr.2021.121079.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flaxman, P. E., Ménard, J., Bond, F. W., & Kinman, G. (2012). Academics’ experiences of a respite from work: Effects of self-critical perfectionism and perseverative cognition on postrespite well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(4), 854. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028055.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldast, G., Ghanizadeh, A., & Beigi, P. G. (2021). EFL Teachers’ Apprehension: a Study of Antecedents and Ramifications. Human Arenas. 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42087-021-00235-w.

  • Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Dino, R. N. (2008). The impact of professional isolation on teleworker job performance and turnover intentions: Does time spent teleworking, interacting face-to-face, or having access to communication-enhancing technology matter? Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1412–1421. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012722.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Headrick, L., Newman, D. A., Park, Y. A., & Liang, Y. (2022). Recovery Experiences for Work and Health Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis and Recovery-Engagement-Exhaustion model. Journal of Business and Psychology, 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-022-09821-3.

  • Headrick, L., Newman, D. A., Park, Y. A., & Liang, Y. (2023). Recovery experiences for work and health outcomes: a meta-analysis and recovery-engagement-exhaustion model. Journal of Business and Psychology, 38(4), 821–864.

  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 337–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez, W. P., Hu, X., & Xu, X. V. (2022). Thinking about thinking about work: A meta-analysis of off-job positive and negative work-related thoughts. Journal of business and Psychology, 37(2), 237–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-021-09742-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez, W. P., Katz, I. M., & Liguori, E. A. (2023). Fear and trembling while working in a pandemic: An exploratory meta-analysis of workers’ COVID-19 distress. Occupational Health Science, 7(1), 39–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41542-022-00131-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karabinski, T., Haun, V. C., Nübold, A., Wendsche, J., & Wegge, J. (2021). Interventions for improving psychological detachment from work: A meta-analysis. Journal of occupational health psychology, 26(3), 224–242. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000280.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kieschke, U., & Schaarschmidt, U. (2008). Professional commitment and health among teachers in Germany: A typological approach. Learning and Instruction, 18(5), 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.06.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., & de Bloom, J. (2019). Testing cross-lagged relationships between work‐related rumination and well‐being at work in a three‐wave longitudinal study across 1 and 2 years. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 92(3), 645–670. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., Sianoja, M., de Bloom, J., Korpela, K., & Geurts, S. (2017). Identifying long-term patterns of work-related rumination: Associations with job demands and well-being outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(4), 514–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1314265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotera, Y., & Correa Vione, K. (2020). Psychological impacts of the New Ways of Working (NWW): A systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(14), 5080. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145080.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leiter, M. P., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Work engagement: Introduction. In A. B. Bakker, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement. A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 1–9). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lizana, P. A., & Vega-Fernadez, G. (2021). Teacher teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic: Association between work hours, Work-Family Balance and Quality of Life. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7566. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/14/7566.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • MacIntyre, P. D., Gregersen, T., & Mercer, S. (2020). Language teachers’ coping strategies during the COVID-19 conversion to online teaching: Correlations with stress, wellbeing and negative emotions. System, 94, 102352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102352.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mašková, I. (2023). Work-related coping behaviour and experience patterns in university students: A review of 20 years of research. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1603. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1062749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mašková, I., Mägdefrau, J., & Nohavová, A. (2022). Work-related coping behaviour and experience patterns, career choice motivation, and motivational regulation of first-year teacher education students – evidence from Germany and the Czech Republic. Teaching and Teacher Education, 109, 103560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In: P.J.D. Drenth, H. Thierry, & C.J. de Wolff (Eds.), Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology: Vol. 2, Work Psychology (2nd edition, pp. 5–33). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

  • Meurs, J. A., & Perrewé, P. L. (2011). Cognitive activation theory of stress: An integrative theoretical approach to work stress. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1043–1068. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0149206310387303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullen, P. R., Blount, A. J., Lambie, G. W., & Chae, N. (2017). School counselors’ perceived stress, Burnout, and job satisfaction. Professional School Counseling, 21(1), 1–10. https://www.jstor.org/stable/90023539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Santxo, B., Mondragon, N. I., N., & Dosil Santamaría, M. (2021). The psychological state of teachers during the COVID-19 crisis: The challenge of returning to face-to-face teaching. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3861. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.620718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, Y., Fritz, C., & Jex, S. M. (2011). Relationships between work-home segmentation and psychological detachment from work: The role of communication technology use at home. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(4), 457–467. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023594.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, D., & Elfering, A. (2014). Social stressors at work and sleep during weekends: The mediating role of psychological detachment. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19, 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034928.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pravettoni, G., Cropley, M., Leotta, S. N., & Bagnara, S. (2007). The differential role of mental rumination among industrial and knowledge workers. Ergonomics, 50(11), 1931–1940. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130701676088.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Querstret, D., & Cropley, M. (2012). Exploring the relationship between work-related rumination, sleep quality, and work-related fatigue. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(3), 341. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028552.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Querstret, D., Cropley, M., Kruger, P., & Heron, R. (2016). Assessing the effect of a cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)-based workshop on work-related rumination, fatigue, and sleep. European Journal of Work and organizational psychology, 25(1), 50–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2015.1015516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos-Huenteo, V., García-Vásquez, H., Olea-González, C., Lobos-Peña, K., & Sáez-Delgado, F. (2020). Teaching perception regarding pedagogical work during COVID-19. CienciAmérica, 9(2), 334–353. https://doi.org/10.33210/ca.v9i2.325.

  • Razmjoo, S. A., & Mavaddat, R. (2016). Understanding professional challenges faced by iranian teachers of English. International Journal of English Linguistics, 6(3), 208–220. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n3p208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichl, C., Wach, F. S., Spinath, F. M., Brünken, R., & Karbach, J. (2014). Burnout risk among first-year teacher students: The roles of personality and motivation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(1), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.05.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaarschmidt, U. (2006). AVEM: Ein Instrument zur interventionsbezogenen Diagnostik beruflichen Bewältigungsverhaltens [AVEM: An instrument for intervention-related diagnostics of professional coping behavior]. In Arbeitskreis Klinische Psychologie in der Rehabilitation BDP (Hrsg.), Psychologische Diagnostik - Weichenstellung für den Reha-Verlauf (S. 59–82). Bonn: Deutscher Psychologen Verlag GmbH.

  • Schaarschmidt, U., & Fischer, A. W. (1996). AVEM-Arbeitsbezogenes Verhaltens-und Erlebensmuster: Psychodiagnostisches Verfahren. Testreihe: Computerversion des Verfahrens. Swets & Zeitlinger.

  • Schaarschmidt, U., Fischer, A. W. (2008). Arbeitsbezogenes Verhaltens- und Erlebensmuster. AVEM (Standardform). AVEM-44 (kurzform). Manual. Frankfurt am Main: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaarschmidt, U., & Kieschke, U. (2007). Einführung und Überblick. In U. Schaarschmidt, & U. Kieschke (Eds.), Gerüstet für den Schulalltag: Psychologische Unterstützungsangebote für Lehrerinnen und Lehrer (p. 17e44). Beltz.

  • Sepulveda-Escobar, P., & Morrison, A. (2020). Online teaching placement during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile: Challenges and opportunities. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 587–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1820981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2014). Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1), S72–S103. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnentag, S., Kuttler, I., & Fritz, C. (2010). Job stressors, emotional exhaustion, and need for recovery: A multi-source study on the benefits of psychological detachment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(3), 355–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.06.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnentag, S., Venz, L., & Casper, A. (2017). Advances in recovery research: What have we learned? What should be done next? Journal of occupational health psychology, 22(3), 365–380. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000079. https://doi.org/https://psycnet.apa

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, V. D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: A clear and user‐friendly guideline. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 17(2), 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steed, L. B., Swider, B. W., Keem, S., & Liu, J. T. (2021). Leaving work at work: A meta-analysis on employee recovery from work. Journal of Management, 47(4), 867–897. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0149206319864153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, S. (2020). Exploring the association between affective work-related rumination and cardiovascular risk factors (Doctoral dissertation, University of Surrey). https://doi.org/10.15126/thesis.00853213.

  • Syrek, C. J., & Antoni, C. H. (2014). Unfinished tasks foster rumination and impair sleepingParticularly if leaders have high performance expectations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19, 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Syrek, C. J., Weigelt, O., Peifer, C., & Antoni, C. H. (2017). Zeigarnik’s sleepless nights: How unfinished tasks at the end of the week impair employee sleep on the weekend through rumination. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(2), 225. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000031.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taşçıoğlu, R., Kocaeksi, S., & Balyan, M. (2020). Work-related behaviors and experience patterns of Physical Education Teachers according to the individually burnout factors. Journal of Educational Issues, 6(2), 374–387. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v6i2.17675.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thiart, H., Lehr, D., Ebert, D. D., Berking, M., & Riper, H. (2015). Log in and breathe out: Internet-based recovery training for sleepless employees with work-related strain – results of a randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 41(2), 164–174. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24466922.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thielmann, B., Karlsen, H. R., Tymbota, M., Kapustnyk, V., Zavgorodnia, N., Zavgorodnii, I., & Böckelmann, I. (2021). Mental Health and work-related Behaviors in Management of Work requirements of University lecturers in Ukraine—An Age Group comparison. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(20), 10573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010573.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thielmann, B., Schumann, H., Botscharow, J., & Böckelmann, I. (2022). Subjective perceptions of workload and stress of emergency service personnel depending on work-related behavior and experience patterns. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin, 25(2), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-022-01076-y.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Türktorun, Y. Z., Weiher, G. M., & Horz, H. (2020). Psychological detachment and work-related rumination in teachers: A systematic review. Educational Research Review, 31, 100354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vahle-Hinz, T., Bamberg, E., Dettmers, J., Friedrich, N., & Keller, M. (2014). Effects of work stress on work-related rumination, restful sleep, and nocturnal heart rate variability experienced on workdays and weekends. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19, 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vahle-Hinz, T., Mauno, S., de Bloom, J., & Kinnunen, U. (2017). Rumination for innovation? Analysing the longitudinal effects of work-related rumination on creativity at work and off-job recovery. Work & Stress, 31(4), 315–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2017.1303761.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandevala, T., Pavey, L., Chelidoni, O., Chang, N. F., Creagh-Brown, B., & Cox, A. (2017). Psychological rumination and recovery from work in intensive care professionals: Associations with stress, burnout, depression and health. Journal of intensive care, 5(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40560-017-0209-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Virtanen, A., Van Laethem, M., de Bloom, J., & Kinnunen, U. (2021). Drammatic breaks: Break recovery experiences as mediators between job demands and affect in the afternoon and evening. Stress and Health, 37(4), 801–818. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3041.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voltmer, E., Spahn, C., Schaarschmidt, U., & Kieschke, U. (2011). Work-related behavior and experience patterns of entrepreneurs compared to teachers and physicians. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 84(5), 479–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-011-0632-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wach, D., Stephan, U., Weinberger, E., & Wegge, J. (2021). Entrepreneurs’ stressors and well-being: A recovery perspective and diary study. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(5), 106016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 163–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weigelt, O., Gierer, P., & Syrek, C. J. (2019). My Mind is Working Overtime—Towards an Integrative Perspective of Psychological Detachment, Work-Related Rumination, and Work Reflection. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(16), 2987. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/16/2987.

  • Weigelt, O., Seidel, J. C., Erber, L., Wendsche, J., Varol, Y. Z., Weiher, G. M., Gierer, P., Sciannimanica, C., Janzen, R., & Syrek, C. J. (2023). Too Committed to Switch Off—Capturing and Organizing the Full Range of Work-Related Rumination from Detachment to Overcommitment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3573. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/4/3573.

  • Weiher, G. M., Varol, Y. Z., & Horz, H. (2022). Being tired or having much left undone: The relationship between fatigue and unfinished tasks with affective rumination and vitality in beginning Teachers. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.935775.

  • Wendsche, J., & Lohmann-Haislah, A. (2017). A meta-analysis on antecedents and outcomes of detachment from work. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 2072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02072.

  • Zhang, J., Li, W., Shi, Y., Zhang, N., & Ma, H. (2020a). Work-related rumination and its “double-edged sword” effect. Advances in Psychological Science, 28(2), 358–367. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020a.00358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., Qiu, Y., Zhang, N., & Li, S. (2020b). How difficult doctor–patient relationships impair physicians’ work engagement: The roles of prosocial motivation and problem-solving pondering. Psychological reports, 123(3), 885–902. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119826887.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zijlstra, F. R., Cropley, M., & Rydstedt, L. (2014). From recovery to regulation: An attempt to reconceptualize ‘recovery from work. Stress and Health, 30(3), 244–252. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, L., Unterbrink, T., Pfeifer, R., Wirsching, M., Rose, U., Stößel, U., & Bauer, J. (2012). Mental health and patterns of work-related coping behaviour in a german sample of student teachers: A cross-sectional study. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 85, 865–876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-011-0731-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zoupanou, Z., Cropley, M., & Rydstedt, L. W. (2013). Recovery after work: The role of work beliefs in the unwinding process. PloS one, 8(12), e81381. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081381.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

    Simindokht Kalani

  2. Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

    Faramarz Asanjarani

  3. Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Humanities and Physical Education, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad, Iran

    Mojtaba Rajabi

Authors
  1. Simindokht Kalani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Faramarz Asanjarani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mojtaba Rajabi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Faramarz Asanjarani.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary Material 1

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kalani, S., Asanjarani, F. & Rajabi, M. EFL teachers in lockdown: does work-related rumination predict work-related behavior patterns during covid pandemic?. Curr Psychol 43, 7859–7876 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04978-3

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04978-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation