Skip to main content
Log in

Why can’t I get a job? Exploring the drivers of perceived employability among fine art graduates

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As a newly rising economic power, China is considered to have a huge job market. However, many graduates in China experience substantial pressure in getting a job upon graduation, as a university degree is no longer a “golden ticket” to employment. In this study, we aim to understand the underlying factors that influences fine arts graduates’ perceived employability, by incorporating the human capital theory and self-determination theory. Using an online survey, data was collected from 430 final year fine arts students from Guangxi, China. The findings showed that self-directed learning and career adaptability positively impacts perceived employability. While these relationships are found stronger when if graduates continue to receive advice and assistance from their lecturers. Altogether, these outcomes offer several implications that useful for academics and practitioners to manage employability issues more effectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

References

  • Alvarez-Gonzalez, P., López-Miguens, M. J., & Caballero, G. (2017). Perceived employability in university students: Developing an integrated model. Career Development International,22(3), 280–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, D. P. (2011). Forward and backward, horizontal and vertical: Transformation of occupational credentialing in the schooled society. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility,29(1), 5–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamfo, B. A., Dogbe, C. S. K., & Mingle, H. (2018). Abusive customer behaviour and frontline employee turnover intentions in the banking industry: The mediating role of employee satisfaction. Cogent Business & Management,5(1), 1522753.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, K., Marateo, R., & Ferris, S. (2007). Teaching and learning with the net generation. Innovate: Journal of Online Education, 3(4), 1–8.

  • Baruch, Y., Bell, M. P., & Gray, D. (2005). Generalist and specialist graduate business degrees: Tangible and intangible value. Journal of Vocational Behavior,67(1), 51–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, C., Viola, K., & Strauss, C. (2011). Management skills for artists:‘learning by doing’? International Journal of Cultural Policy,17(5), 626–644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumgartner, H., Weijters, B., & Pieters, R. (2021). The biasing effect of common method variance: Some clarifications. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,49(2), 221–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, G. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, J. M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical latent variable models in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for using reflective-formative type models. Long Range Planning,45(5–6), 359–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, J. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Völckner, F. (2015). How collinearity affects mixture regression results. Marketing Letters,26(4), 643–659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berntson, E., & Marklund, S. (2007). The relationship between perceived employability and subsequent health. Work & Stress,21(3), 279–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berntson, E., Sverke, M., & Marklund, S. (2006). Predicting perceived employability: Human capital or labour market opportunities? Economic and Industrial Democracy,27(2), 223–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolliger, D. U., & Martin, F. (2020). Factors underlying the perceived importance of online student engagement strategies. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education,13(2), 404–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boon, C., Eckardt, R., Lepak, D. P., & Boselie, P. (2018). Integrating strategic human capital and strategic human resource management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management,29(1), 34–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botha, J. A., Coetzee, M., & Coetzee, M. (2015). Exploring adult learners’ self-directedness in relation to their employability attributes in open distance learning. Journal of Psychology in Africa,25(1), 65–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridgstock, R., Goldsmith, B., Rodgers, J., & Hearn, G. (2015). Creative graduate pathways within and beyond the creative industries. Journal of Education and Work,28(4), 333–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology,1(3), 185–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • British Council (2018). Employability in focus: Exploring employee’s perceptions of overseas graduates returning to China. Retrieved 20 February 2022 from: https://www.agcas.org.uk/write/MediaUploads/Resources/ITG/British_Council_Employability_in_Focus_China.pdf

  • Brown, A., Bimrose, J., Barnes, S. A., & Hughes, D. (2012). The role of career adaptabilities for mid-career changers. Journal of Vocational Behavior,80(3), 754–761.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., Cooper, B., Rueckert, C., & Smith, J. (2019). Reimagining student employability: A case study of policy and practice transformation. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management,41(5), 500–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cascone, S. (2019). Considering an MFA? Warning: Hiring in the arts industry has plummeted 13.7% in the past year. Retrieve 28 March 2022 from: https://news.artnet.com/art-world/arts-jobs-hiring-down-1527877

  • Cawthorpe, J. (2021). China’s fresh graduates face bleak job prospects. Retrieved 17 April 2022 from https://www.thatsmags.com/china/post/32451/china-s-fresh-graduates-face-bleak-job-prospects

  • Chatterjee, J. (2017). Strategy, human capital investments, business-domain capabilities, and performance: A study in the global software services industry. Strategic Management Journal,38(3), 588–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H., Wu, Y., Jiang, L., Xu, B., Gao, X., & Cai, W. (2022). Future orientation and perceived employability of chinese undergraduates: a moderated mediation model. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03769-6

  • Chen, Y. (2017). Graduate employability: The perspective of social network learning. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education,13(6), 2567–2580.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • China News Service (2018). 报告: 2017 届大学毕业生就业率达 91.9 per cent (Survey: Employment Rate for 2017 University Graduates Reaches 91.9 per cent) Retrieved 6 January 2022 from: http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2018/06-11/8535246.shtml

  • City Population (2019). China: Guangxi. Retrieved 12 May 2019 from http://www.citypopulation.de/China-Guangxi.html

  • Clarke, M. (2018). Rethinking graduate employability: The role of capital, individual attributes and context. Studies in Higher Education,43(11), 1923–1937.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral Sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  • Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology,29(1), 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality,19(2), 109–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The” what” and” why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry,11(4), 227–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2002). The paradox of achievement: The harder you push, the worse it gets. In J. Aronson (Ed.), Improving academic achievement: Impact of psychological factors on education (pp. 61–87). Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeGennaro, T. (2020). 10 Most Popular Social Media Sites in China. Retrieved 19 October 2020 from: https://www.dragonsocial.net/blog/social-media-in-china/

  • Derous, E., & Ryan, A. M. (2008). When earning is beneficial for learning: The relation of employment and leisure activities to academic outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior,73(1), 118–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y. Y., Wang, M., & Chen, K. Q. (2014). 数学专科本科生自我导向学习能力的现状调查与分析. Journal of Mathematics Education,23(1), 51–56.

  • Donald, W. E., Baruch, Y., & Ashleigh, M. (2019). The undergraduate self-perception of employability: Human capital, careers advice, and career ownership. Studies in Higher Education,44(4), 599–614.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellinger, A. D. (2004). The concept of self-directed learning and its implications for human resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources,6(2), 158–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, G., Turner, M., & Haass, O. (2022). Working up to work: Perceived employability of students commencing a project management degree. Project Leadership and Society,3, 100048.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goetz, T., Bieleke, M., Gogol, K., van Tartwijk, J., Mainhard, T., Lipnevich, A. A., & Pekrun, R. (2021). Getting along and feeling good: Reciprocal associations between student-teacher relationship quality and students’ emotions. Learning and Instruction,71, 101349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems,18(1), 185–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith, B., & Bridgstock, R. (2015). Embedded creative workers and creative work in education. Journal of Education and Work,28(4), 369–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goteng, G. L., Shohel, M. M. C., & Tariq, F. (2022). Enhancing student employability in collaboration with the industry: Case study of a Partnership with Amazon web Services Academy. Education Sciences,12(6), 366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, F. J., & Saridakis, G. (2008). The role of higher education skills and support in graduate self-employment. Studies in Higher Education,33(6), 653–672.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guglielmino, L. M. (1977). Development of the self-directed learning readiness scale. University of Georgia.

  • Guglielmino, P. J., & Guglielmino, L. M. (2001). Moving toward a distributed learning model based on self-managed learning. SAM Advanced Management Journal,66(3), 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guilbert, L., Bernaud, J. L., Gouvernet, B., & Rossier, J. (2016). Employability: Review and research prospects. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance,16(1), 69–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haenggli, M., & Hirschi, A. (2020). Career adaptability and career success in the context of a broader career resources framework. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103414.

  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Thiele, K. O. (2017). Mirror, mirror on the wall: A comparative evaluation of composite-based structural equation modeling methods. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,45(5), 616–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review,31(1), 2–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardré, P. L., & Sullivan, D. W. (2008). Student differences and environment perceptions: How they contribute to student motivation in rural high schools. Learning and Individual Differences,18(4), 471–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Fernaud, E., Ramos-Sapena, Y., Negrín, F., Rosa, R. D. L., & Hernández, B. (2011). Perception of employability and self-efficacy for job-seeking in university students. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones,27(2), 131–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-López, L., García-Almeida, D. J., Ballesteros-Rodríguez, J. L., & De Saá-Pérez, P. (2016). Students’ perceptions of the lecturer’s role in management education: Knowledge acquisition and competence development. The International Journal of Management Education,14(3), 411–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, A. J., & Maxwell, B. (2017). Supporting and inhibiting the well-being of early career secondary school teachers: Extending self‐determination theory. British Educational Research Journal,43(1), 168–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, G. M. (2014). What is capital? Economists and sociologists have changed its meaning: Should it be changed back? Cambridge Journal of Economics,38(5), 1063–1086.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal,20(2), 195–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G. (1971). Statistical analysis of sets of congeneric tests. Psychometrika,36(2), 109–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H., & Madjar, N. (2017, August). The motivational outcomes of psychological need support among pre-service teachers: multicultural and self-determination theory perspectives. In Frontiers in Education (Vol.2, p.42). Frontiers.

  • Kember, D. (2009). Promoting student centred forms of learning across an entire university. Higher Education, 58, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kholmuratovich, M. K., Mardanaqulovich, A. S., Ravshanovich, J. R., Sharifovna, K. U., & Shodiyevna, B. O. (2020). Methodology of improving Independent Learning Skills of Future Fine Art Teachers (on the example of still life in colorful paintings). International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation,24(5), 285–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S., Fernandez, S., & Terrier, L. (2017). Procrastination, personality traits, and academic performance: When active and passive procrastination tell a different story. Personality and Individual Differences,108, 154–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration (ijec),11(4), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koen, J., Klehe, U. C., & Van Vianen, A. E. (2012). Training career adaptability to facilitate a successful school-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior,81(3), 395–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lejeune, C., Mercuri, D., Beausaert, S., & Raemdonck, I. (2016). Personal developmentplans supporting employee learning and perceived performance: the moderating role of self-directedness. Human Resource Development International, 19(4), 307–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang, H., Saraf, N., Hu, Q., & Xue, Y. (2007). Assimilation of enterprise systems: the effect of institutional pressures and the mediating role of top management. MIS Quarterly, 31(1), 59–87.

  • Lohmöller, J. B. (1989). Predictive vs. structural modeling: PLS vs. ML. Latent variable path modeling with partial least squares (pp. 199–226). Heidelberg: Physica.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshik, T., Ashton, P. T., & Algina, J. (2017). Teachers’ and students’ needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness as predictors of students’ achievement. Social Psychology of Education,20(1), 39–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • McQuaid, R. W., & Lindsay, C. (2005). The concept of employability. Urban studies,42(2), 197–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon, S., & Suresh, M. (2020). Synergizing education, research, campus operations, and community engagements towards sustainability in higher education: A literature review. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education,21(5), 1015–1051.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, M. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as an analytical technique to assess measurement error in survey research: A review. Paradigm,20(2), 97–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, E. W. (2002). Newcomers’ relationships: The role of social network ties during socialization. Academy of Management Journal,45(6), 1149–1160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mseleku, Z. (2021). Youth high unemployment/unemployability in South Africa: The unemployed graduates’ perspectives. Higher Education Skills and Work-Based Learning,12(4), 775–790.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murtza, M. H., Gill, S. A., Aslam, H. D., & Noor, A. (2020). Intelligence quotient, job satisfaction, and job performance: The moderating role of personality type. Journal of Public Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2318

  • Ng, S. I., Lim, Q. H., Cheah, J. H., Ho, J. A., & Tee, K. K. (2020). A moderated-mediation model of career adaptability and life satisfaction among working adults in Malaysia. Current Psychology,41, 3078–3092.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometrtc theory. McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onyishi, I. E., Enwereuzor, I. K., Ituma, A. N., & Omenma, J. T. (2015). The mediating role of perceived employability in the relationship between core self-evaluations and job search behaviour. Career Development International,20(6), 604–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, H., Kaplan, A., & Ryan, A. M. (2011). Positive classroom motivational environments: Convergence between mastery goal structure and classroom social climate. Journal of Educational Psychology,103(2), 367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, J. C., & Chen, S. W. (2022). Learning climate and innovative creative performance: Exploring the multi-level mediating mechanism of team psychological capital and work engagement. Current Psychology, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02617-3

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology,88(5), 879.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poulou, M. S. (2020). Students’ adjustment at school: The role of teachers’ need satisfaction, teacher–student relationships and student well-being. School Psychology International, 41(6), 99–521.

  • Rascón-Hernán, C., Fullana-Noell, J., Fuentes-Pumarola, C., Romero-Collado, A., Vila-Vidal, D., & Ballester-Ferrando, D. (2019). Measuring self-directed learning readiness in health science undergraduates: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today,83, 104201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reeve, J., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2018). Sociocultural influences on student motivation as viewed through the lens of self-determination theory. Big Theories Revisited,2, 15–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricard, N. C., & Pelletier, L. G. (2016). Dropping out of high school: The role of parent and teacher self-determination support, reciprocal friendships and academic motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology,44, 32–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. W. (Eds.). (2012). Editor’s Comments: A Critical Look at the Use of PLS-SEM in” MIS Quarterly”. MIS Quarterly, 36 (1), iii-xiv.

  • Rothwell, A., Jewell, S., & Hardie, M. (2009). Self-perceived employability: Investigating the responses of post-graduate students. Journal of Vocational Behavior,75(2), 152–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, C. W., Lavigne, K. N., Katz, I. M., & Zacher, H. (2017). Linking dimensions ofcareer adaptability to adaptation results: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 102, 151–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, C. W., Zacher, H., & Hirschi, A. (2019). Empirical developments in career construction theory. Journal of Vocational Behavior,111, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakiz, G., Pape, S. J., & Hoy, A. W. (2012). Does perceived teacher affective support matter for middle school students in mathematics classrooms? Journal of School Psychology,50(2), 235–255.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarstedt, M., Hair Jr, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Becker, J. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),27(3), 197–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savickas, M. L. (1997). Career adaptability: An integrative construct for life-span, life-space theory. The Career Development Quarterly,45(3), 247–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior,80(3), 661–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savickas, M. L., Porfeli, E. J., Hilton, T. L., & Savickas, S. (2018). The student career construction inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior,106, 138–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, S. H. H., Lei, S., Hussain, S. T., & Mariam, S. (2020). How consumer perceived ethicality influence repurchase intentions and word-of-mouth? A mediated moderation model. Asian Journal of Business Ethics,9(1), 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shmueli, G., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Ting, H., Vaithilingam, S., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for using PLSpredict. European Journal of Marketing,53(11), 2322–2347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smedley, A. (2007). The self-directed learning readiness of first year bachelor of nursing students. Journal of Research in Nursing,12(4), 373–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sørebø, Ø, Halvari, H., Gulli, V. F., & Kristiansen, R. (2009). The role of self-determination theory in explaining teachers’ motivation to continue to use e-learning technology. Computers & Education,53(4), 1177–1187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Q. (2011). Embedding employability in the curriculum: A comparative study of employer engagement models adopted by design programmes in China and the UK. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship,3(1), 36–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Wall Street Journal (2012). China’s graduates face glut mismatch between their skills, job market’s needs results in underemployment. Retrieve 18 February 2022 from: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443545504577566752847208984

  • Tolentino, L. R., Garcia, P. R. J. M., Lu, V. N., Restubog, S. L. D., Bordia, P., & Plewa, C. (2014). Career adaptation: The relation of adaptability to goal orientation, proactive personality, and career optimism. Journal of Vocational Behavior,84(1), 39–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Top China Travel (2019). Guangxi Fact. Retrieved 12 May 2019 from https://www.topchinatravel.com/guangxi/guangxi-facts.htm

  • Tsui, M. S. (1997). The roots of social work supervision: An historical review. The Clinical Supervisor,15(2), 191–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tymon, A., & Batistic, S. (2016). Improved academic performance and enhanced employability? The potential double benefit of proactivity for business graduates. Teaching in Higher Education,21(8), 915–932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Udayar, S., Fiori, M., Thalmayer, A. G., & Rossier, J. (2018). Investigating the link between trait emotional intelligence, career indecision, and self-perceived employability: The role of career adaptability. Personality and Individual Differences,135, 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Useem, M., & Karabel, J. (1986). Pathways to top corporate management. American Sociological Review, 51(2), 184–200.

  • Vanhercke, D., De Cuyper, N., Peeters, E., & De Witte, H. (2014). Defining perceived employability: A psychological approach. Personnel Review,43(4), 592–605.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C. H., & Chen, H. T. (2020). Relationships among workplace incivility, work engagement and job performance. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights,3(4), 415–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watt, H. M., & Richardson, P. W. (2012). An introduction to teaching motivations in different countries: Comparisons using the FIT-Choice scale. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education,40(3), 185–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schröder, G., & Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS Quarterly, 33(1), 177–195.

  • Zeng, Q., Li, J., Huang, S., Wang, J., Huang, F., Kang, D., & Zhang, M. (2022). How does career-related parental support enhance career adaptability: the multiple mediating roles of resilience and hope. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03478-0

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their appreciation to the Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for financially supporting this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xin-Jean Lim.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

(DOCX 21.7 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, J., Lim, XJ. & Ng, S.I. Why can’t I get a job? Exploring the drivers of perceived employability among fine art graduates. Curr Psychol 43, 3002–3020 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04561-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04561-w

Keywords

Navigation