Skip to main content
Log in

Psychophysiological methods to study the triggers of interest: a Singapore case study

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Interest is an essential motivational component that plays a significant role in learning. It is therefore important to have a better understanding of how interest is triggered for it to develop into a more developed and productive form of interest. Most studies of interest have historically relied on self-report measures, with participants being unable to provide a full and accurate reporting on the triggering process of interest. This is because triggers of interest are characteristically unexpected and fleeting. It has therefore been suggested to use observational studies to collect richer and more detailed data on the triggering process of interest. This paper investigates how interest is triggered using observational methods from a case study analysis of data collected from a 10-week coding programme coupled with the use of psychophysiological measures as a novel measure of triggered interest. Findings together with implications and future research are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available to ensure the confidentiality of the participants.

References

  • Bailey, A. W., Johann, J., & Kang, H. K. (2017). Cognitive and physiological impacts of adventure activities: Beyond self-report data. Journal of Experiential Education, 40(2), 153–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernacki, M. L., & Walkington, C. (2018). The role of situational interest in personalized learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110, 864–881.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G., & Bernston, G. G. (2007). Handbook of Psychophysiology (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cain, R., & Lee, V. (2016). Measuring electrodermal activity to capture engagement in an afterschool maker program. Proceedings of the 6th Annual Conference on Creativity and Fabrication in Education, 78–81.

  • Critchley, H. D. (2002). Electrodermal responses: What happens in the brain. The Neuroscientist, 8(2), 132–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crouch, H. C., Wisittanawat, P., Cai, M., & Renninger, K. A. (2018). Life science students’ attitudes, interest, and performance in introductory physics for life sciences: an exploratory study. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 14(1), 010111-1–010111-14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M., & Filion, D. L. (2016). The electrodermal system. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. C. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (4th ed., pp. 217–243). Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dohn, N. B. (2013). Situational interest in engineering design activities. International Journal of Science Education, 35(12), 2057–2078.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredricks, J. A. (2014). Eight myths of student disengagement: Creating classrooms of deep learning. Corwin.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fredericks, J. A., & McColskey, W. (2012). The measurement of student engagement: A comparative analysis of various methods and student self-report instruments. In S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 763–782). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fryer, L. (2019). Getting interested: Developing a sustainable source of motivation to learn a new language at school. System (linköping), 86, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillies, R. M., Carroll, A., Cunnington, R., Rafter, M., Palghat, K., Bednark, J., & Bourgeois, A. (2016). Multimodal representations during an inquiry problem-solving activity in a year 6 science class: A case study investigating cooperation, physiological arousal and belief states. Australian Journal of Education, 60(2), 111–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hidi, S. E., & Ainley, M. (2008). Interest and self-regulation: Relationships between two variables that influence learning. In D. H. Schunk & B. J. Zimmerman (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and application (pp. 77–109). Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidi, S., & Renninger, K. A. (2006). The four-phase model of interest development. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 111–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hidi, S., & Renninger, K. (2019). Interest development and its relation to curiosity: Needed neuroscientific research. Educational Psychology Review, 31(4), 833–852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jack, B. M., & Lin, H.-S. (2014). Igniting and sustaining interest among students who have grown cold toward science. Science Education, 98, 792–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knogler, M., Harackiewicz, J. M., Gegenfurtner, A., & Lewalter, D. (2015). How situational is situational interest? Investigating the longitudinal structure of situational interest. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 43, 39–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krapp, A. (2002). Structural and dynamic aspects of interest development: Theoretical considerations from an ontogenetic perspective. Learning and Instruction, 12(4), 383–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kucher, K., Cernea, D., & Kerren, A. (2016). Visualizing excitement of individuals and groups. In Proceedings of the 2016 EmoVis Conference on Emotion and Visualization (pp. 15–22). Linkoping University. http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/103/003/ecp16103003.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2022

  • Lee, V. R., Fischback, L., & Cain, R. (2019). A wearables-based approach to detect and identify momentary engagement in afterschool Makerspace programs. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 59, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maltese, A. V., & Harsh, J. A. (2015). Student’s pathways of entry into STEM. In K. A. Renninger, M. Nieswandt, & S. Hidi (Eds.), Interest in mathematics and science learning (pp. 203–223). American Educational Research Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, M. (1993). Situational interest: Its multifaceted structure in the secondary school mathematics classroom. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(3), 424–436. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.85.3.424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nieswandt, M., & Horowitz, G. (2015). Undergraduate students’ interest in chemistry: The roles of task and choice. In K. A. Renninger, M. Nieswandt, & S. Hidi (Eds.), Interest in mathematics and science learning (pp. 225–242). American Educational Research Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Patall, E. A., Vasquez, A. C., Steingut, R. R., Trimble, S. S., & Pituch, K. A. (2016). Daily interest, engagement, and autonomy support in the high school science classroom. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 46, 180–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Picard, R. W., Fedor, S., & Ayzenberg, Y. (2016). Multiple arousal theory and daily-life electrodermal activity asymmetry. Emotion Review, 8(1), 62–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poh, M. Z., Swenson, N. C., & Picard, R. W. (2010). A wearable sensor for unobtrusive, long-term assessment of electrodermal activity. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 57(5), 1243–1252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pressick-Kilborn, K. (2015). Canalization and connectedness in the development of science interest. In K. A. Renninger, M. Nieswandt, & S. Hidi (Eds.), Interest in K-16 mathematics and science learning I nand out of school (pp. 353–367). American Educational Research Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Renninger, K. A., & Bachrach, J. E. (2015). Studying triggers for interest and engagement using observational methods. Educational Psychologist, 50(1), 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renninger, K. A., Bachrach, J. E., & Hidi, S. E. (2019). Triggering and maintaining interest in early phases of interest development. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 23, 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renninger, K. A., & Hidi, S. (2011). Revisiting the conceptualization, measurement, and generation of interest. Educational Psychologist, 46(3), 168–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renninger, K. A., & Hidi, S. E. (2016). The power of interest for motivation and engagement. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renninger, K., & Hidi, S. (2020). To Level the Playing Field, Develop Interest. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7(1), 10–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renninger, K.A., & Schofield, L.S. (2014). Assessing STEM interest as a developmental motivational variable. Poster presented at American Educational Research Association, Philadelphia, PA.

  • Rotgans, J. I., & Schmidt, H. G. (2011). Situational Interest and Academic Achievement in the Active-Learning Classroom. Learning and Instruction, 21(1), 58–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sansone, C., Smith, J. L., Thoman, D. B., & MacNamara, A. (2012). Regulating interest when learning online: Potential motivation and performance trade-offs. The Internet and Higher Education, 15(3), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.10.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Setz, C., Arnrich, B., Schumm, J., La Marca, R., Troster, G., & Ehlert, U. (2010). Discriminating stress from cognitive load using a wearable EDA device. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 14(2), 410–417.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, A. L., Gillies, R., & Jamaludin, A. (2021). A case study: Using a neuro-physiological measure to monitor students interest and learning during a micro:Bit activity. Education Sciences, 11(8), 379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valenza, G., & Scilingo, E. P. (2014). Autonomic nervous system dynamics for mood and emotional-state recognition: Significant advances in data acquisition, signal processing and classification. Springer International Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dooren, M., de Vries, J.J.G.G.-J., & Janssen, J. H. (2012). Emotional sweating across the body: Comparing 16 different skin conductance measurement locations. Physiology & Behavior, 106(2), 298–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, J., Coats, L. T., & Davidson, M. L. (2012). Promoting student interest in science: The perspectives of exemplary African American teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 49, 124–154. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831211426200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, R., Sakai, T., Ishi, Y., Nakayama, T., Ogitsu, T., … & Mizoguchi, H. (2016). Electrodermal activity-based feasibility study on the relationship between attention and blinking. International Journal of Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, 9(1), 21–31.

  • Zhang, Y., Qin, F., Liu, B., Qi, X., Zhao, Y., & Zhang, D. (2018). Wearable neurophysiological recordings in middle-school classroom correlate with students’ academic performance. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12(457), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aik Lim Tan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tan, A.L., Gillies, R. & Jamaludin, A. Psychophysiological methods to study the triggers of interest: a Singapore case study. Curr Psychol 42, 28298–28308 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03936-9

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03936-9

Keywords

Navigation