Abstract
The present research adopted both an individual and a sociocultural approach to expand previous knowledge of the mechanisms underlying reported variance in life satisfaction. Given the gratitude-oriented lifestyle and daily rituals of the ultra-Orthodox Jewish community, gratitude may serve as a central vehicle to its members’ high reported levels of life satisfaction. Thus, Study 1 explored the mediating role of gratitude through a cross-cultural comparison between ultra-Orthodox and secular samples. Study 2 explored the moderating effect of optimism on the relationship between the sociocultural group and gratitude, which, in turn, affects life satisfaction. Based on two matched samples of ultra-Orthodox and secular individuals, the findings indicate that the relationship between cultural group and life satisfaction was fully mediated by gratitude. Moreover, optimism was found to moderate the relationship between cultural group and gratitude so that the difference in gratitude levels between the two cultural groups was higher for individuals with low levels of optimism. The findings hold significant conceptual and practical implications for a better understanding of life satisfaction and its contributors.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Abu-Raiya, H., Sasson, T., & Russo-Netzer, P. (2021). Presence of meaning, search for meaning, religiousness, satisfaction with life and depressive symptoms among a diverse Israeli sample. International Journal of Psychology, 56(2), 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12709
Adler, M. G., & Fagley, N. S. (2005). Appreciation: Individual differences in finding value and meaning as a unique predictor of subjective well-being. Journal of Personality, 73(1), 79–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00305.x
Anaby, D., Jarus, T., & Zumbo, B. D. (2010). Psychometric evaluation of the Hebrew language version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Social Indicators Research, 96(2), 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9476-z
Antonakis, J., Bendahan, S., Jacquart, P., & Lalive, R. (2010). On making causal claims: A review and recommendations. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(6), 1086–1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.010
Baranski, E., Sweeny, K., Gardiner, G., Project, I. S., & Funder, D. C. (2020). International optimism: Correlates and consequences of dispositional optimism across 61 countries. Journal of Personality, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12582.
Barnett, M. D., & Martinez, B. (2015). Optimists: It could have been worse; pessimists: It could have been better: Dispositional optimism and pessimism and counterfactual thinking. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 122–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.010
Berman, E. (2000). Sect, subsidy, and sacrifice: An economist’s view of ultra-orthodox Jews. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), 905–953. https://doi.org/10.3386/w6715
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press.
Buchbinder, E., Sigad, L., Strier, R., & Eisikovits, Z. (2015). Working poor ultra-orthodox Jewish women and men: Between economic distress and meaning based on faith. Journal of Poverty, 19(4), 377–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2014.999971
Busseri, M. A. (2013). How dispositional optimists and pessimists evaluate their past, present and anticipated future life satisfaction: A lifespan approach. European Journal of Personality, 27(2), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1854
Busseri, M. A., & Choma, B. L. (2016). Reevaluating the link between dispositional optimism and positive functioning using a temporally expanded perspective. Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 286–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1058970
Card, N. A. (2019). Meta-analyses of the reliabilities of four measures of gratitude. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(5), 576–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1497690
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1994). Situational coping and coping dispositions in a stressful transaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(1), 184–195. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.184
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2018). Statistical abstract of Israel 2018: annual data—2. Population. Resource document. Central Bureau of Statistics. http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/shnatone_new.htm?CYear=2015&Vol=66&CSubject=2.
Chen, W., Niu, G. F., Zhang, D. J., Fan, C. Y., Tian, Y., & Zhou, Z. K. (2016). Socioeconomic status and life satisfaction in Chinese adolescents: Analysis of self-esteem as a mediator and optimism as a moderator. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 105–109.
Chopik, W. J., Newton, N. J., Ryan, L. H., Kashdan, T. B., & Jarden, A. J. (2019). Gratitude across the life span: Age differences and links to subjective well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(3), 292–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.036
Cohen, A. B. (2002). The importance of spirituality in well-being for Jews and Christians. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(3), 287–310. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020656823365
Conversano, C., Rotondo, A., Lensi, E., Della Vista, O., Arpone, F., & Reda, M. A. (2010). Optimism and its impact on mental and physical wellbeing. Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 6, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.2174/17450179010060100025
Corona, K., Senft, N., Campos, B., Chen, C., Shiota, M., & Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E. (2020). Ethnic variation in gratitude and well-being. Emotion, 20(3), 518–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000582
Costalli, S., & Negri, F. (2021). Looking for twins: How to build better counterfactuals with matching. Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2021.1
Davis, D. E., Choe, E., Meyers, J., Wade, N., Varjas, K., Gifford, A., Quinn, A., Hook, J. N., van Tongeren, D. R., Griffin, B. J., & Worthington Jr., E. L. (2016). Thankful for the little things: A meta-analysis of gratitude interventions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000107
Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains. Canadian Psychology, 49(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.14
Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Freire, T., Vella-Brodrick, D., & Wissing, M. P. (2011). The eudaimonic and hedonic components of happiness: Qualitative and quantitative findings. Social Indicators Research, 100(2), 185–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9632-5
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psvchological Bulletin, 95, 542–575.
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (2009). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. In E. Diener (Ed.), Culture and well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener (pp. 71–91). Springer.
Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Diener, E., Tay, L., & Myers, D. G. (2011). The religion paradox: If religion makes people happy, why are so many dropping out? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(6), 1278–1290. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024402
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Ryan, K. L. (2013). Universals and cultural differences in the causes and structure of happiness: A multilevel review. In C. L. M. Keyes (Ed.), Mental well-being: International contributions to the study of positive mental health (pp. 153–176). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5195-8_8
Diener, E., Heintzelman, S. J., Kushlev, K., Tay, L., Wirtz, D., Lutes, L. D., & Oishi, S. (2017). Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being. Canadian Psychology, 58(2), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000063
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(4), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6
Emerson, S. D., Guhn, M., & Gadermann, A. M. (2017). Measurement invariance of the satisfaction with life scale: Reviewing three decades of research. Quality of Life Research, 26(9), 2251–2264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017-1552-2
Emmons, R. A. (2007). Thanks! How the new science of gratitude can make you happier. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Emmons, R. A., & Mishra, A. (2011). Why gratitude enhances well-being: What we know, what we need to know. In K. M. Sheldon, T. B. Kashdan, & M. F. Steger (Eds.), Designing positive psychology: Taking stock and moving forward (pp. 248–262). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.001.0001
Fiske, A. P. (2000). Complementarity theory: Why human social capacities evolved to require cultural complements. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 76–94. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0401_7
Forgeard, M. J. C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2012). Seeing the glass half full: A review of the causes and consequences of optimism. Pratiques Psychologiques, 18(2), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prps.2012.02.002
Freund, A., & Band-Winterstein, T. (2017). Cultural psychiatry: A spotlight on the experience of clinical social workers’ encounter with Jewish ultra-orthodox mental health clients. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(5), 613–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-016-0056-9
Galek, K., Flannelly, K. J., Ellison, C. G., Silton, N. R., & Jankowski, K. R. (2015). Religion, meaning and purpose, and mental health. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037887
Hayes, A. F. (2016). The PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS. Retrieved from http://www.processmacro.org/index.html
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature, 466, 29. https://doi.org/10.1038/466029a
Huta, V., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). Pursuing pleasure or virtue: The differential and overlapping well-being benefits of hedonic and eudaimonic motives. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(6), 735–762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9171-4
Icekson, T., & & Pines, A. M. (2013). Positive perception: A three dimensional model and a scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(2), 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.034.
Isaacowitz, D. M. (2005). The gaze of the optimist. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271599
Jans-Beken, L., Jacobs, N., Janssens, M., Peeters, S., Reijnders, J., Lechner, L., & Lataster, J. (2020). Gratitude and health: An updated review. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(6), 743–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1651888
Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (1999). Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation.
Kelberer, L. J., Kraines, M. A., & Wells, T. T. (2018). Optimism, hope, and attention for emotional stimuli. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.003
Killen, A., & Macaskill, A. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 947–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9542-3
Kim, Y., Kwak, K., & Lee, S. (2016). Does optimism moderate parental achievement pressure and academic stress in Korean children? Current Psychology, 35(1), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9355-5
Krause, N. (2009). Religious involvement, gratitude, and change in depressive symptoms over time. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19(3), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610902880204
Kröger, C., Bode, K., Wunsch, E. M., Kliem, S., Grocholewski, A., & Finger, F. (2015). Work-related treatment for major depressive disorder and incapacity to work: Preliminary findings of a controlled, matched study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20(2), 248–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038341
Krok, D. (2014). The religious meaning system and subjective well-being: The mediational perspective of meaning in life. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 36(2), 253–273. https://doi.org/10.1163/15736121-12341288
Kuppens, P., Realo, A., & Diener, E. (2008). The role of positive and negative emotions in life satisfaction judgment across nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.66
Lai, J. C. L. (2009). Dispositional optimism buffers the impact of daily hassles on mental health in Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(4), 247–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.03.007
Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., Braithwaite, S. R., Graham, S. M., & Beach, S. R. (2009). Can prayer increase gratitude? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1(3), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016731
Layous, K., Nelson, S. K., Kurtz, J. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2017). What triggers prosocial effort? A positive feedback loop between positive activities, kindness, and well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(4), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1198924
Levin, J. (2011). Religion and psychological well-being and distress in Israeli Jews: Findings from the Gallup World Poll. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 48(4), 252–261.
Levin, J. (2013). Religious behavior, health, and well-being among Israeli Jews: Findings from the European social survey. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(4), 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032601
Lombardo, P., Jones, W., Wang, L., Shen, X., & Goldner, E. M. (2018). The fundamental association between mental health and life satisfaction: Results from successive waves of a Canadian national survey. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5235-x
Malach, G., & Cahaner, L. (2020). Statistical report on ultra-orthodox society in Israel 2020. The Israel Democracy Institute and the Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research.
Malouff, J. M., & Schutte, N. S. (2017). Can psychological interventions increase optimism? A meta-analysis. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(6), 594–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1221122
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112
Mendonça, S. E., Merçon-Vargas, E. A., Payir, A., & Tudge, J. R. H. (2018). The development of gratitude in seven societies: Cross-cultural highlights. Cross-Cultural Research, 52(1), 135–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397117737245
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Slav, K. (2006). Attachment, mental representations of others, and gratitude and forgiveness in romantic relationships. In M. Mikulincer & G. S. Goodman (Eds.), Dynamics of romantic love: Attachment, caregiving, and sex (pp. 190–215). Guilford Press.
Monnickendam-Givon, Y., Schwartz, D., & Gidron, B. (2016). Network not utilized: The case of ultra-orthodox female micro-entrepreneurs in Israel. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 21(01), 1650006. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946716500060
Morris, P. (1996). Community beyond tradition. In P. Heelas, S. Lash, & P. Morris (Eds.), Detraditionalization: Critical reflections on authority and identity (pp. 222–249). Blackwell.
Nelson, S. K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2016). Gratitude. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of mental health (2nd ed., pp. 277–280). Academic Press.
Nelson, S. K., Layous, K., Cole, S. W., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2016). Do unto others or treat yourself? The effects of prosocial and self-focused behavior on psychological flourishing. Emotion, 16(6), 850–861. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000178
Nes, R. B., & Røysamb, E. (2015). The heritability of subjective well-being: Review and meta-analysis. In M. Pluess (Ed.), The genetics of psychological wellbeing: The role of heritability and genetics in positive psychology (pp. 75–96). Oxford University Press.
Nezlek, J. B., Newman, D. B., & Thrash, T. M. (2017). A daily diary study of relationships between feelings of gratitude and well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(4), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1198923
Ngamaba, K. H., & Soni, D. (2018). Are happiness and life satisfaction different across religious groups? Exploring determinants of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(6), 2118–2139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0481-2
Niu, G. F., Zhou, Z. K., Sun, X. J., Yu, F., Xie, X. C., Liu, Q. Q., & Lian, S. L. (2018). Cyber-ostracism and its relation to depression among Chinese adolescents: The moderating role of optimism. Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 105–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.032
Oishi, S., Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (2007). The optimum level of well-being: Can people be too happy? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 346–360.
Oishi, S., Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Suh, E. M. (2009). Cross-cultural variations in predictors of life satisfaction: Perspectives from needs and values. In Culture and well-being (pp. 109–127). Springer.
Okulicz-Kozaryn, A. (2010). Religiosity and life satisfaction across nations. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 13(2), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903273801
Palgi, Y., Shrira, A., Ben-Ezra, M., Cohen-Fridel, S., & Bodner, E. (2011). The relationships between daily optimism, daily pessimism, and affect differ in young and old age. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(8), 1294–1299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.030
Park, C. L. (2005). Religion as a meaning-making framework in coping with life stress. Journal of Social Issues, 61(4), 707–729. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00428.x
Park, C. L. (2007). Religiousness/spirituality and health: A meaning systems perspective. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(4), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9111-x
Park, C. L. (2014). Religion and meaning. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 357–379). Guilford Press.
Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. (2005). Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: The full life versus the empty life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-004-1278-z
Pew Research Center. (n.d.). Questionnaire design. Washington, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/u-s-survey-research/questionnaire-design/
Plouffe, R. A., & Tremblay, P. F. (2017). The relationship between income and life satisfaction: Does religiosity play a role? Personality and Individual Differences, 109, 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.044
Preacher, K., & Rucker, D. (2003). A primer on interaction effects in multiple linear regression. http://quantpsy.org/interact/interactions.htm
Robustelli, B. L., & Whisman, M. A. (2018). Gratitude and life satisfaction in the United States and Japan. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(6), 1863–1891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9802-5
Russo-Netzer, P. (2019). Prioritizing meaning as a pathway to meaning in life and well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(6), 1863–1891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0031-y
Russo-Netzer, P., & Bergman, Y. S. (2020). Prioritizing patterns and life satisfaction among ultra-orthodox Jews: The moderating role of the sense of community. The Journal of Psychology, 154(3), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2019.1704392
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the life orientation test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063–1078. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
Schellekens, J. J. (2019). Does the association between children and happiness vary by level of religiosity? The evidence from Israel. Demographic Research, 41, 103–124. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2019.41.5
Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). Is it possible to become happier? (And if so, how?). Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00002.x
Shin, L. J., Armenta, C. N., Kamble, S. V., Chang, S. L., Wu, H. Y., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2020). Gratitude in collectivist and individualist cultures. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(5), 598–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1789699
Spilka, B., Hood, R. W., Hunsberger, B., & Gorsuch, R. (2003). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach. Guilford Press.
Telushkin, J. (1991). Jewish literacy: The most important things to know about the Jewish religion, its people, and its history. William Morrow and Company.
Thomas, J. L., Britt, T. W., Odle-Dusseau, H., & Bliese, P. D. (2011). Dispositional optimism buffers combat veterans from the negative effects of warzone stress on mental health symptoms and work impairment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(9), 866–880. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20809
Titova, L., Wagstaff, A. E., & Parks, A. C. (2017). Disentangling the effects of gratitude and optimism: A cross-cultural investigation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(5), 754–770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117699278
Tsang, J. A., Schulwitz, A., & Carlisle, R. D. (2012). An experimental test of the relationship between religion and gratitude. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(1), 40–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025632
Van Praag, B. M. S., Romanov, D., & Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2010). Happiness and financial satisfaction in Israel: Effects of religiosity, ethnicity, and war. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(6), 1008–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2010.08.008
Vassar, M., & Bradley, G. (2010). A reliability generalization study of coefficient alpha for the life orientation test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(4), 362–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.482016
Weeks, A., Swerissen, H., & Belfrage, J. (2007). Issues, challenges, and solutions in translating study instruments. Evaluation Review, 31(2), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X06294184
Wong, S. S., & Lim, T. (2009). Hope versus optimism in Singaporean adolescents: Contributions to depression and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(5–6), 648–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.009
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). A social-cognitive model of trait and state levels of gratitude. Emotion, 8(2), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.281
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005
Ysseldyk, R., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2010). Religiosity as identity: Toward an understanding of religion from a social identity perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309349693
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Russo-Netzer, P., Icekson, T. & Zeiger, A. The path to a satisfying life among secular and ultra-orthodox individuals: The roles of cultural background, gratitude, and optimism. Curr Psychol 42, 9404–9415 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02206-4
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02206-4