Abstract
The aim of the present study was to translate and adapt the Negative Mood Regulation Scale (NMR-S) into Brazilian Portuguese (NMR-B) and to seek evidence of dimensionality, reliability, convergent and discriminant validity. The translation and cultural adaptation of the NMR-B went through of six steps: 1) translation of the instrument from the source language into the target language; 2) synthesis of the translations; 3) review of the synthesis by expert judges; 4) assessment of the instrument by the target audience; 5) back-translation; 6) pretesting. In the process of cultural adaptation of the scale, seven items were created, specifically for the Brazilian version. Four hundred and forty-six participants were evaluated, between 18 and 59 years old, through online data collection (67.5% women). The psychometric results show a unidimensional model, and the analysis of the modification indices indicated 35-item for of NMR-B. This model showed satisfactory internal consistency (a = 90). In addition, the results of convergent validity indicated significant associations between higher levels of NMR-B with lower levels of difficulty in emotion regulation, and with levels of depression, anxiety and stress, and higher levels of NRM-B were negatively related to internality. The results of the present research have demonstrated that NMR-B is an adequate and reliable instrument to in Brazilian population.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. American Psychological Association.
Apóstolo, J. L. A., Mendes, A. C., & Azeredo, Z. A. (2006). Adaptation to Portuguese of the depression, anxiety, and stress scales (DASS). Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 14(6), 863–871. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692006000600006.
Backenstrass, M., Joest, K., Gehrig, N., Pfeiffer, N., Mearns, J., & Catanzaro, S. J. (2010). The German version of the generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment., 26, 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000005.
Benet-Martínez, V. (2007). Cross-cultural personality research: Conceptual and methodological issues. In R. W. Robins, R C. Fraley, & R. F. Krueger (Eds.) Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 170-189). New York: Guilford.
Berking, M., Poppe, C., Luhmann, M., Wupperman, P., Jaggi, V., & Seifritz, E. (2012). Is the association between various emotion-regulation skills and mental health mediated by the ability to modify emotions? Results from two cross-sectional studies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(3), 931–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.009.
Borsa, J. C., Damásio, B. F., & Bandeira, D. R. (2012). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of psychological instruments: Some considerations. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 22(53), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272253201314.
Brister, H. A., Sher, K. J., & Fromme, K. (2011). 21st birthday drinking and associated physical consequences and behavioral risks. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(4), 573–582. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025209.
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2ª Ed.) Nova Iorque: Guilford press.
Cancian, A. C. M., Souza, L. A. S. D., Silva, V. H. P., Machado, W. D. L., & Oliveira, M. D. S. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS). Trends in psychiatry and psychotherapy, 41(1), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0128.
Catanzaro, S. J., Backenstrass, M., Miller, S. A., Mearns, J., Pfeiffer, N., & Brendalen, S. (2014). Prediction of symptoms of emotional distress by mood regulation expectancies and affective traits. International Journal of Psychology, 49(6), 471–479. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12062.
Catanzaro, S. J., & Laurent, J. (2004). Perceived family support, negative mood regulation expectancies, coping, and adolescent alcohol use: Evidence of mediation and moderation effects. Addictive Behaviors, 29(9), 1779–1797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.04.001.
Catanzaro, S. J., & Mearns, J. (1990). Measuring generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation: Initial scale development and implications. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54(3–4), 546–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.1990.9674019.
Catanzaro, S. J., & Mearns, J. (2016). Generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation development assessment, and implications of a construct. In S. Truz & P. Babel (Eds.), Interpersonal and intrapersonal expectancies (pp. 52–61). Routledge.
Chang, C., Kaczkurkin, A. N., McLean, C. P., & Foa, E. B. (2017, 3). Emotion regulation is associated with PTSD and depression among female adolescent survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10, 319. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000306.
Cloitre, M., Stovall-McClough, C., Zorbas, P., & Charuvastra, A. (2008). Attachment organization, emotion regulation, and expectations of support in a clinical sample of women with childhood abuse histories. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 21(3), 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20339.
Coutinho, J., Ribeiro, E., Ferreirinha, R., & Dias, P. (2010). Versão portuguesa da Escala de Dificuldades de Regulação Emocional e sua relação com sintomas psicopatológicos. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry, 37(4), 145–151. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-60832010000400001.
Dela Coleta, M. F. (1987). Escala multidimensional de locus de controle de Levenson. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 39(2), 79–97. Retrieved from http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/abp/article/view/19592
Dubey, A., Mishra, K., & Pandey, R. (2013). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Hindi version of negative mood regulation expectancy scale. Indian Journal of Social Science Research, 10(1), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v8i1.302.
Ford, B. Q., & Gross, J. J. (2019). Why beliefs about emotion matter: An emotion-regulation perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(1), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418806697.
Fergus, T. A., & Bardeen, J. R. (2016). Negative mood regulation expectancies moderate the association between happiness emotion goals and depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.010.
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94.
Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion regulation: Taking stock and moving forward. Emotion, 13(3), 359–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032135.
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7(2), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428104263675.
Kanavou, A. A. (2019). Coping during acute economic crisis: Negative mood regulation expectancies in Greece (Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Fullerton). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/openview/3c1584d65d8909135eac8429fa3c315b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
Leveson, H. (1973). Multidimensional locus of control in psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41(3), 397–404. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0035357.
Levine, R. V., Norenzayan, A., & Philbrick, K. (2001). Cross-cultural differences in helping strangers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(5), 543–560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032005002.
Lim, N. (2016). Cultural differences in emotion: Differences in emotional arousal level between the east and the west. Integrative medicine research, 5(2), 105–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2016.03.004.
Linehan, M. (2018). Treinamento de habilidades em DBT: Manual de terapia comportamental dialética para o terapeuta. Artmed.
Lu, L., & Gilmour, R. (2004). Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented SWB. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(3), 269–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-004-8789-5.
Lukas, C. A., Ebert, D. D., Fuentes, H. T., Caspar, F., & Berking, M. (2018). Deficits in general emotion regulation skills–evidence of a transdiagnostic factor. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(6), 1017–1033. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22565.
Lyvers, M., Thorberg, F. A., Dobie, A., Huang, J., & Reginald, P. (2008). Mood and interpersonal functioning in heavy smokers. Journal of Substance Use, 13(5), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890802040807.
Mearns, J., Self, E., Kono, K., Sato, T., Takashima, E., Tresno, F., Watabe, Y., & Catanzaro, S. J. (2016). Measuring generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation in Japan: The Japanese language NMR scale. International Journal of Quantitative Research in Education, 3(1–2), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJQRE.2016.073675.
Mearns, J., Park, J. H., & Catanzaro, S. J. (2013). Developing a Korean language measure of generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation. Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 3(1), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.18401/2013.3.1.7.
Miura, M. A., Pilati, R., Milfont, T. L., Ferreira, M. C., & Fischer, R. (2019). Between simpatia and malandragem: Brazilian jeitinho as an individual difference variable. PLoS One, 14(4), e0214929. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214929.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2010). Mplus User’s Guide. Muthén & Muthén.
Orbach, I., Blomenson, R., Mikulincer, M., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Rogolsky, M., & Retzoni, G. (2007). Perceiving a problem–solving task as a threat and suicidal behavior in adolescents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(9), 1010–1034. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2007.26.9.1010.
Pfeiffer, N., Martínez, V., Mearns, J., Catanzaro, S. J., Rojas, G., Backenstrass, M., & Kaemmerer, A. (2012). Preliminary reliability and validity of the spanish generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation scale. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 31, 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892012000200006.
Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. Englewood cliffs, NJ, US: Prentice-hall, Inc ix 466 pp. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/10788-000.
Shepherd-McMullen, S. C., Mearns, J., Stokes, J. E., & Mechanic, M. B. (2015). Negative mood regulation expectancies moderate the relationship between psychological abuse and avoidant coping. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(9), 1553–1566. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514540805.
Stasiewicz, P. R., Bradizza, C. M., Schlauch, R. C., Coffey, S. F., Gulliver, S. B., Gudleski, G. D., & Bole, C. W. (2013). Affect regulation training (ART) for alcohol use disorders: Development of a novel intervention for negative affect drinkers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 45(5), 433–443.
Tamayo, A. (2012) Validade factorial da escala Levenson de locus de controle. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 5(1), 111-122. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17063
Tamir, M. (2016). Why do people regulate their emotions? A taxonomy of motives in emotion regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20(3), 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315586325.
Thorberg, F. A., & Lyvers, M. (2010). Attachment in relation to affect regulation and interpersonal functioning among substance use disorder in patients. Addiction, Research & Theory, 18(4), 464–478. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066350903254783.
Wang, G., Mearns, J., Yang, X., Han, P., & Catanzaro, S. J. (2017). Measuring generalised expectancies for negative mood regulation in China: The Chinese language negative mood regulation scale. International Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12443.
Weiss, N. H., Gratz, K. L., & Lavender, J. M. (2015). Factor structure and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of difficulties in the regulation of positive emotions: The DERS-positive. Behavior Modification, 39(3), 431–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445514566504.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval
This research was submitted to the Research Ethics Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul Committee and approved under protocol no. 3.066.397.
Consent to Participate
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Consent for Publication
Authors declare that patients signed informed consent regarding publishing their data.
Conflict of Interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schneider, J.A., Habigzang, L.F. & de Freitas, C.P.P. Translation, cultural, adaptation and validity evidence of the negative mood regulation scale for the Brazilian context. Curr Psychol 42, 5188–5199 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01876-4
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01876-4