Abstract
This study aimed to develop and retrospectively validate the relational adverse childhood experiences questionnaire (RACE-Q) in the context of home and school. In a cross-sectional design, 487 undergraduates (20.66 ± 1.42 years old, women: n = 288, 59.2%, men: n = 199, 41.8%) filled out the 12-item RACE-Q, including Yes/No questions as to the experience of the target incidence and five-point Likert-type follow-up questions as to the perceived impact of the experience. The anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and four indexes of suicide acceptability, lifetime severe suicide ideation, general health, and loneliness were also investigated together with internal consistency reliability, construct validity, gender measurement invariance, concurrent validity, and incremental validity. The Yes/No questions predicted at least one of the high levels of anxiety, suicide acceptability, and lifetime suicidal ideation. The overall Cronbach’s alpha was .78. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested excluding loss of primary relationships while confirmed the four-factor a priori structure consisting of adverse parent-child relationship, adverse parent-parent relationship, adverse school relationships, and sexual abuse. Gender invariance was established, except for the physical abuse item. The subscales showed significant correlations with the outcomes, and the total scale predicted lifetime suicidal ideation beyond the covariates. RACE-Q can be employed as a short, reliable, and valid instrument to investigate relational ACEs.
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Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgments
This study derived as a part of the first author’s thesis in the master of clinical psychology, University of Tehran (UT), Iran. Authors express their gratitude to Mr. Vahid Qamari for his kind critical review of the manuscript. We are thankful of Deputy of Research of UT for their partial funding and of UT’s counseling center for the gifts provided for the participants.
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MAT contributed to conceptual design, statistical analysis, data gathering, and finalizing the manuscript. MN, TJ, RS, and MM contributed extensively to data collection. HZ, as the supervisor, contributed to conceptual design and data analysis. All Authors reviewed the article and approved the final manuscript.
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The study was approved ethically by the Iranian National Committee for Biomedical Research.
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Amini-Tehrani, M., Nasiri, M., Jalali, T. et al. Relational adverse childhood experiences questionnaire: development and retrospective validation among young Iranian people. Curr Psychol 42, 5306–5321 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01874-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01874-6