Abstract
The Flourishing scale is a brief instrument to measure psychological and social aspects of well-being. In the current study, longitudinal measurement invariance of the FS was assessed in a large sample of Chinese adolescents (n = 494) who were followed longitudinally. Results found that the FS has strong longitudinal invariance over a 2-month interval and across sex. Moreover, high stability coefficients across time were found for the FS. In conclusion, the study suggests that the psychometric properties for longitudinal measurement invariance of the FS are satisfactory and the FS is a reliable measure of eudaimonic well-being in adolescence.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Barker, C., Pistrang, N., & Elliot, R. (1994). Research methods in clinical and counselling psychology. John Wiley & Sons.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications.
Butler, A., Patte, K. A., Ferro, M. A., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2019). Interrelationships among depression, anxiety, flourishing, and cannabis use in youth. Addictive Behaviors, 89, 206–215.
Camfield, L., & Skevington, S. M. (2008). On subjective well-being and quality of life. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(6), 764–775.
Checa, I., Perales, J., & Espejo, B. (2018). Spanish validation of the flourishing scale in the general population. Current Psychology, 37(4), 949–956.
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464–504.
Cummins, R. A. (2003). Normative life satisfaction: Measurement issues and a homeostatic model. Social Indicators Research, 64, 225–256.
Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 16–29.
Davis, L. L., Fowler, S. A., Best, L. A., & Both, L. E. (2020). The role of body image in the prediction of life satisfaction and flourishing in men and women. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(2), 505–524.
De la Fuente, R., Parra, A., & Sánchez-Queija, I. (2017). Psychometric properties of the flourishing scale and measurement invariance between two samples of Spanish University students. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 40(4), 409–424.
De la Fuente, R., Parra, Á., Sánchez-Queija, I., & Lizaso, I. (2019). Flourishing during emerging adulthood from a gender perspective. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1–20.
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being. The science of happiness and proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34–43.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffifin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Oishi, S. (2002). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. Handbook of positive psychology, 2, 63–73.
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 1–31.
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156.
Duan, W., & Xie, D. (2019). Measuring adolescent flourishing: Psychometric properties of flourishing scale in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 37(1), 131–135.
Fassih-Ramandi, Z., Soleimani, M. A., Allen, K. A., Gorgulu, O., & Motalebi, S. A. (2020). Validity and reliability of the flourishing scale in a sample of older adults in Iran. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 15, 673–681.
Hone, L., Jarden, A., & Schofield, G. (2014). Psychometric properties of the flourishing scale in a New Zealand sample. Social Indicators Research, 119(2), 1031–1045.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.
Keyes, C., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 1007–1022.
Khodarahimi, S. (2013). Hope and flourishing in an Iranian adults sample: Their contributions to the positive and negative emotions. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 8(3), 361–372.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Kong, F., You, X., & Zhao, J. (2017). Evaluation of the gratitude questionnaire in a Chinese sample of adults: Factorial validity, criterion-related validity, and measurement invariance across sex. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1498.
Lyons, A., Heywood, W., & Rozbroj, T. (2016). Psychosocial factors associated with resilience in a national community-based cohort of Australian gay men living with HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 20(8), 1658–1666.
Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519–530.
Nelemans, S. A., Meeus, W. H., Branje, S. J., Van Leeuwen, K., Colpin, H., Verschueren, K., & Goossens, L. (2019). Social anxiety scale for adolescents (SAS-A) short form: Longitudinal measurement invariance in two community samples of youth. Assessment, 26(2), 235–248.
Ramirez-Maestre, C., Correa, M., Rivas, T., Lopez-Martinez, A. E., Serrano-Ibáñez, E. R., & Esteve, R. (2017). Psychometric characteristics of the flourishing scale-Spanish version (the FS-SV). The factorial structure in two samples: Students and patients with chronic pain. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 30–36.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727.
Sass, D. A. (2011). Testing measurement invariance and comparing latent factor means within a confirmatory factor analysis framework. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(4), 347–363.
Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Peter, M., Drossaert, C. H., Pieterse, M. E., Bolier, L., Walburg, J. A., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016). Validation of the flourishing scale in a sample of people with suboptimal levels of mental well-being. BMC Psychology, 4(1), 1–10.
Tang, X., Duan, W., Wang, Z., & Liu, T. (2016). Psychometric evaluation of the simplified Chinese version of flourishing scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 26(5), 591–599.
Tong, K. K., & Wang, Y. Y. (2017). Validation of the flourishing scale and scale of positive and negative experience in a Chinese community sample. PLoS One, 12(8), 1–10.
Villieux, A., Sovet, L., Jung, S. C., & Guilbert, L. (2016). Psychological flourishing: Validation of the French version of the flourishing scale and exploration of its relationships with personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 1–5.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070.
Acknowledgments
We thank all the participants in this study.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800942), the Young Talent fund of University Association for Science and Technology in Shaanxi, China (20180206), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (GK202003096).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Statement
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Conflict of Interest
All authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tan, Q., Zhang, L., Li, W. et al. Longitudinal measurement invariance of the flourishing scale in adolescents. Curr Psychol 40, 5672–5677 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01754-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01754-z