Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

School guidance services awareness scale (SGSAS): The study of validity and reliability in a sample of Turkish adolescents

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Students with higher awareness about school guidance services benefit from guidance services more effectively. Studies to identify the awareness levels of students about school guidance services and studies that aim to increase their awareness levels are considered as an important factor that increases the impact of guidance services. Although studies on determining the awareness levels of students about school guidance services and increasing their awareness levels are considered important, it can be stated that there are a limited number of studies in the literature. As a result of the literature conducted in the study, no measurement tool was found to determine the awareness levels of Turkish adolescent students with regard to school guidance services. The aim of this study is to develop a scale to identify awareness levels of students for school guidance services. During the scale development process, primarily a pool of items was formed and views of experts were obtained to ensure the content validity. In order to determine the construct validity of the scale, factor analysis, which is a multivariate statistical analysis type was employed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed in this process. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on data obtained from a total of 250 high school students, 143 of whom were female, 107 of whom were male, all of whom were between the ages of 14–19. Correlation analysis and t-test were employed for the item analysis of the scale. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the scale was calculated as .84. In order to evaluate the construct validity of the model that emerged as a result of the exploratory factor analysis, a confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the data collected from a total of 399 high school students, 263 of whom were female and 136 were male. As a result of this study, a valid and reliable measurement tool with a total of 21 items, consisting of 2 sub-dimensions, one related to the awareness of the necessity of guidance services and the other related to the understanding of guidance services was obtained. This scale is expected to contribute to the work of researchers in their studies related to school guidance services and the efforts of school counsellors who aim to enhance the impact of school guidance services.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1984). The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika., 49(2), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apaydin, S., & Çakir, S. G. (2016). Okul yöneticilerinin PDR hizmetlerinin gerekliliği ve etkililiğine ilişkin algılarının bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. 25. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi, Antalya., 1(1), 612–613 http://2016.ices-uebk.org/UEBK_bildiri_ozetleri.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avcı, R., Çeçen Eroğul, A. R., & Umut Zeybek, S. (2017). Developing the myths towards psychological counseling and guidance scale, and the effect of guidance course on myths of pedagogical formation students towards psychological counseling and guidance. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal., 748. http://pdrdergisi.org.

  • Aydın, D. (2019). Investigation of high school students' perceptions of guidance service through metaphors. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences., 11(3), 265–278 http://www.iojes.net/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: Revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development., 47(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175613513808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (First ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.

  • Brown, T. A., & Moore, M. T. (2012). Confırmatory factor analysis. Boston University https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251573889_Hoyle_CFA_Chapter_-_Final.

  • Bülbül, Ö. (2009). İlköğretim okullarında görev yapan öğretmenlerin rehberlik görevleriyle ilgili tutum ve davranışlarının incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kahramanmaraş: Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi https://tez.yok.gov.tr.

    Google Scholar 

  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2013). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yay.

    Google Scholar 

  • Çapık, C. (2014). Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmalarında doğrulayıcı faktör analizinin kullanımı. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi., 17(3), 196–204 https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/29691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve Lısrel uygulamaları (5th. ed.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yay.

  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology., 78(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Demir, M., & Can, G. (2015). Sınıf rehber öğretmenlerinin psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik anlayışları ile psikolojik danışma ve rehberliğe yönelik tutumları. Eğitim ve Bilim, 40(179), 307–322. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2015.3864.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doll, W. J., Weidong, X., & Gholamreza, T. A. (1994). Confirmatory factor analysis of the end-user computing satisfaction instrument. MIS Quarterly., 18(4), 453–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyo, M. B., Joshua, A. M., & Esuong, A. E. (2010). Attitude of secondary school students towards guidance and counselling services in Cross River State. Edo Journal of Counselling., 3(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejc.v3i1.52684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallant, D., & Zhao, J. (2011). High school students’ perceptions of school counseling services: Awareness, use, and satisfaction. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation., 2(1), 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/2150137811402671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson R. L. & Mitchell, M. H. (2008). Introduction to counseling and guidance. (seventy edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/​Merrill/​Prentice Hall.

  • Güven, S. (2009). The opinions of the ministry of national education inspectors about school guidance servıces and supervısıon of these servıces. The Journal of International Social Research., 2(9), 171–179 http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gysbers, N.C. (1997). A model comprehensive guidance program. (Ed. Norman Gysbers and Patricia Henderson). Comprehensive Guidance Programs That Work-II. Chapter 1 (p. 49-61). ERIC counseling and student services Cleraringhouse. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED412434

  • Gysbers, N. C. (2001). School guidance and counseling in the 21st century: Remember the past into the future. Professional School Counseling., 5(2), 96–105 https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.neu.edu.tr.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gysbers, N. C. (2013). Career-ready students: A goal of comprehensive school counseling programs. The Career Development Quarterly., 61(3), 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2013.00057.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gysbers, N. C., & Henderson, P. (2012). Developing and managing your school guidance and counseling program (5th ed.) American Counseling Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. (1995). Multivariate data analysis with readings. New Jersy: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatunoğlu, A., & Hatunoğlu, Y. (2006). Okullarda verilen rehberlik hizmetlerinin problem alanları. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi., 14(1), 333–338 http://www.kefdergi.com.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods., 6(1), 53–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating Model Fit. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal., 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, D. (2017). New school for the old school: Career guidance and counselling in education. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 45(2), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2017.1294863.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyun, J., Quinn, B., Madon, T., & Lustig, S. (2007). Mental health need, awareness, and use of counseling services among international graduate students. Journal of American College Health., 56(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.2.109-118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibu, J. E., & Maliki, A. E. (2010). An evaluation of student’s awareness, usage and assessment of guidance services in tertiary institutions in plateau state. Studies on Home and Community Science, 4(1), 11–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/09737189.2010.11885292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Işıkgöz, M. (2017). Okul Yöneticilerinin Rehberlik Hizmetlerine İlişkin Görüşlerinin İncelenmesi (Kayseri İli Örneği). Batman University Journal of Life Sciences, 7(2), 1–10 http://static.dergipark.org.tr.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural Eguation modeling with the Simplis command language. USA: Scientific Software ınternational, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31–36 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02291575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karacan Özdemir, N. & Ayaz, A. (2018). School counseling and guidance programs: Examination of career adaptabilities. Hacettepe University Journal of Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2018045437.

  • Karataş, K., & Sönmez, N. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinin rehberlik hizmetlerine ve rehber öğretmene ilişkin algılarının incelenmesi: Metaforik bir analiz. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi, 12(3), 915–934. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.454144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karataş, Z., & Şahin-Baltacı, H. (2013). Ortaöğretim kurumlarında yürütülen psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik hizmetlerine yönelik okul müdürü, sınıf rehber öğretmeni, öğrenci ve okul rehber öğretmeninin (psikolojik danışman) görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (KEFAD), 14(2), 427–460 http://kefad.ahievran.edu.tr/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kayış, A. (2016). Güvenirlik analizi. Şerif Kalaycı, (Ed.), SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (7. Baskı) içinde (s. 403-424). Ankara: Asil Yayınevi.

  • Kepçeoğlu, M. (2004). Psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik. İstanbul: Alkım Yay.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keser, H., & Semerci, A. (2019). Technology trends, education 4.0 and beyond. Contemporary Educational Researches Journal., 9(3), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.18844/cerj.v9i3.4269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (p. 2005). Nueva York: Gilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuzgun, Y. (2009). Rehberlik ve psikolojik danışma (Tenth ed.). Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.

  • Lasode, A. O., Lawal, O. O. & Ofodile, M. C. (2017). Students' need for, awareness, perception and use of guidance and counselling services in federal university of agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Problems of Education in the 21st Century 75 (2). 170-181. Online: https://www.researchgate.net

  • Lawshe, C. H. (1975) A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology. 28, 563-575. Online: http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.neu.edu.tr

  • Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (2nd ed.). London: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, T. F. (2017). Evidence regarding the ınternal structure: Confirmatory factor analysis. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development., 50(4), 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1336929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin., 103(3), 391–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meşeci, F., Dinçer, D., & Çırakoğlu, B. (2006). İlköğretim ve ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin okul psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik servisine ve çalışanlarına yönelik algıları. HAYEF Journal of Education., 2, 175–186 https://dergipark.org.tr.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (2016). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. (Sadegül Akbaba Altun, Ali Ersoy Çev.) 2. Baskı Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yay.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of National Education. (2017a). Regulation on guidance services. https://orgm.meb.gov.tr

  • Ministry of National Education. (2017b). Regulation on secondary education institutions. https://ogm.meb.gov.tr

  • Ministry of National Education. (2018). Guidance services program preparation Özel eğitim ve Rehberlik Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. https://orgm.meb.gov.tr/

  • Ministry of National Education. (2019). Guidance services. Official letter of the General Directorate of Special Education and Guidance Services dated 30.05.2019 and numbered E.10732095. Ankara. http://www.rehberlikservisim.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/rehberlik-hedef.pdf

  • Mutua, J. M., Kaaria, Z., & Wamalwa, B. (2018). The ınfluence of students’ attitude and readiness to seek guidance and counseling on the performance of guidance and counseling in secondary schools in Kwale County. International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences., 5(4), 229–235 http://www.noveltyjournals.com.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwangi, J., & Otanga, H. (2015). Students' perceptıon and attıtude towards the role of guıdance and counsellıng servıces ın teachers colleges ın Kenya. International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences., 2(8), 1–21 https://www.researchgate.net.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nas, E. (2019). A metaphor study: Students’ perceptions related to the guidance service. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi., 7(1), 291–301 https://dergipark.org.tr.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazlı, S. (2007). Okul yöneticilerinin rehberlik ve psikolojik danışma hizmetlerini algılamaları. Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi., 26(1), 155–166 http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.neu.edu.tr.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazlı, S. (2016). Kapsamlı gelişimsel rehberlik programı.6. Baskı, Ankara. Anı Yay.

  • Negi, K. (2017). Educational and psychological guidance needs of college students. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)., 3(1), 1672–1677 http://www.onlinejournal.in.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nina, A. (2009). International students' awareness and use of counseling services. McNair Scholars Research Journal., 5(1), 29–33 https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oran, B. (2013). Dokuzuncu sınıf öğrencilerinin okul psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik servisinden yararlanma düzeylerinin belirlenmesi, (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü https://tez.yok.gov.tr.

    Google Scholar 

  • Öztemel, K. (2000). Kendini ayarlama becerilerini algılamaları farklı öğretmenlerin rehberlik anlayışlarının bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi, (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek lisans tezi). Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi https://tez.yok.gov.tr.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmaksız, İ. & Gök, A. (2018). Okul psikolojik danışmanlarının psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik hizmetlerinin yürütülmesinde karşılaştıkları güçlükler. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 47(1), 247-265. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.359595.

  • Pişkin, M. (2006). Türkiye’de Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Hizmetlerinin Dünü, Bugünü ve Yarını. Türkiye’de eğitim bilimleri: Bir bilanço denemesi. (Ed. Muhsin Hesapçıoğlu ve Alpaslan Durmuş). 1. Baskı. (p. 457–501). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yay.

  • Şahin, C. (2019). Eğitim sürecinde öğrenci kişilik hizmetleri ve rehberlik. M. Güven (Ed.). Psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik. (11. baskı) içinde (p.273-300). Ankara: Anı Yay.

  • Salkind, N. J. (2014). Statistics for people who (think they) hate statistics (Fifth ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc..

  • SAS Institute Inc. (2009). 9.2 User’s guide (Second ed.). North Carolina: SAS Publishing.

  • Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences., 42(5), 893–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tagay, Ö., & Savi Çakar, F. (2017). Okullarda yürütülen psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik hizmetlerine ilişkin okul psikolojik danışmanlarının görüşleri. Ahi Evran Universitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (KEFAD)., 18(3), 1168–1186 http://kefad.ahievran.edu.tr/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tambawal, M. U. (2011). Relationship among guidance and counselling awareness, study habits, attitude to school academic performance of senior secondary school students in Sokoto state. 35th Annual International Conference of the Counselling Association of Nigeria. https://www.academia.edu

  • Tavşancıl, E. (2014). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi (6th ed.). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yay.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terzi, Ş., Ergüner-Tekinalp, B., & Leuwerke, W. (2011). Psikolojik danışmanların okul psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik hizmetleri modeline dayalı olarak geliştirilen kapsamlı psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik programını değerlendirmeleri. Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi., 1(1), 51–60 http://www.pegegog.net/index.php/.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications (First ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association.

  • Turan, F. (2009). Lise öğrencilerinin rehberlik servisine ilişkin tutumlarının kendini açma davranışları açısından incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Erzurum. https://tez.yok.gov.tr

  • Wallner, T. & Wagner, G. (2016). Academıc educatıon 4.0. International Conference on Education and New Developments. Logistikum, University of Applied Science Upper Austria. 155-159. https://www.researchgate.net

  • Walter, S. M. (2008). Creating a school counseling program CD-ROM to foster family-middle school engagement. Journal of Technology in Counseling., 5(1) http://techcounseling.net/Archive/Vol5_1/Walter.htm.

  • Yalçın, S., Yılmaz, M., & Karakaya, Y. (2017). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerin rehberlik ve psikolojik danışma servislerine bakış açılarının incelenmesi. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 8(26), 277–289 http://www.ijoess.com/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeşilyaprak, B. (2009). The development of the fıeld of psychologıcal counselıng and guıdance ın Turkey: Recent advances and future prospects. Ankara University, Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences., 42(1), 193–214. https://doi.org/10.1501/Egifak_0000001144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeşilyaprak, B. (2019). 21. Yüzyılda eğitimde rehberlik hizmetleri gelişimsel yaklaşım. Nobel Yay. Ankara.

  • Yüksel Şahin, F. (2008). Ortaöğretimdeki öğrenci görüşlerine göre psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik hizmetlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Human Sciences., 5(2) https://www.j-humansciences.com.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Near East University, Near East Boulevard, 99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10 –, Turkey

    Serdar Özmen & Cigdem Hursen

Authors
  1. Serdar Özmen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cigdem Hursen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Serdar Özmen.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

There is no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

There is ethics approval.

Additional information

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Özmen, S., Hursen, C. School guidance services awareness scale (SGSAS): The study of validity and reliability in a sample of Turkish adolescents. Curr Psychol 41, 6288–6302 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01118-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01118-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation