Abstract
This study investigated the role of self-reported and perceived partners’ use of maintenance behaviors (openness, sharing tasks, and positivity) on marital satisfaction through the indirect roles of relational equity and appreciation (felt and expressed). We used a sample of 602 married individuals living in Turkey to test two hypothesized models using Structural Equation Modeling. Our results from the first model indicated that the indirect associations between self-reported use of maintenance behaviors and marital satisfaction were explained by the individual mediator role of felt appreciation and serial indirect role of felt appreciation and relational equity. On the other hand, the results of the second model indicated that the indirect associations between partners’ use of maintenance behaviors and marital satisfaction were explained by the individual mediator roles of relational equity and expressed appreciation as well as the serial indirect role of relational equity and expressed appreciation. We discussed the implications for theory, research and practice, and recommendations for further studies.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
More detailed information about the translation and adaptation processes and the results of Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses of RMBM, RES, and AIRS will be provided by authors upon request.
References
Akçabozan Kayabol, N. B. (2017). Relationship maintenance behaviors and marital satisfaction: The mediator roles of relational equity and appreciation (unpublished dissertation). Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
Akçabozan, N. B., & Hatipoğlu Sümer, Z. (2017). Turkish adaptation of the relational equity scale: Validity and reliability studies. Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Educational Sciences, 355–362. https://doi.org/10.14527/9786053187974.
Akın, A., & Yalnız, A. (2015). Turkish version of expression of gratitude in relationships measure (EGRM): The study of validity and reliability. The Journal of International Social Research, 8(37), 539–544.
Algoe, S. B., Gable, S. L., & Maisel, N. C. (2010). It’s the little things: Everyday gratitude as a booster shot for romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 17(2), 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01273.x.
Ballard-Reisch, D. S., Weigel, D. J., & Zaguidoulline, M. G. (1999). Relational maintenance behaviors, marital satisfaction, and commitment in Tatar, Russian, and mixed Russian-Tatar marriages: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Family Issues, 20(5), 677–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251399020005006.
Barton, A. W., Futris, T. G., & Nielsen, R. B. (2015). Linking financial distress to marital quality: The intermediary roles of demand/withdraw and spousal gratitude expressions. Personal Relationships, 22(3), 536–549.
Bello, R. S., Brandau-Brown, F. E., Zhang, S., & Ragsdale, J. D. (2010). Verbal and nonverbal methods for expressing appreciation in friendships and romantic relationships: A cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(3), 294–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.02.007.
Berger, A. R. (2000). The role of appreciation in close relationships (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ann Arbor: University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Berger, A. R., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (2006). Costs and satisfaction in close relationships: The role of loss–gain framing. Personal Relationships, 13(1), 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00104.x.
Blanchard, V. L., Hawkins, A. J., Baldwin, S. A., & Fawcett, E. B. (2009). Investigating the effects of marriage and relationship education on couples’ communication skills: A meta-analytic study. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(2), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015211.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park: Sage.
Canary, D. J., & Stafford, L. (1992). Relational maintenance strategies and equity in marriage. Communication Monographs, 59(3), 243–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376268.
Canary, D. J., & Stafford, L. (2001). Equity in preservation of personal relationships. In J. H. Harvey, & A. Wenzel (Eds.), Close romantic relationships: Maintenance and enhancement (pp. 133–151). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Canary, D. J., Stafford, L., Hause, K. S., & Wallace, L. A. (1993). An inductive analysis of relational maintenance strategies: Comparisons among lovers, relatives, friends, and others. Communication Research Reports, 10, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824099309359913.
Canary, D. J., & Stafford, L. (1994). Maintaining relationships through strategic and routine interaction. In D. J. Canary & L. Stafford (Eds.), Communication and relational maintenance (pp. 3–22). San Diego: Academic Press.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1–9.
Curun, F. (2001). The effects of sexism and sex role orientation on romantic relationship satisfaction (unpublished master's thesis). Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
Dainton, M. (1994). An examination of routine and strategic interactions in maintained marital relationships (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ohio: The Ohio State University.
Dainton, M. (2000). Maintenance behaviors, expectations for maintenance, and satisfaction: Linking comparison levels to relational maintenance strategies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(6), 827–842. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407500176007.
Dainton, M. (2016). Equity, equality, and self-interest in marital maintenance. Communication Quarterly, 65, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2016.1227346.
Dainton, M., & Aylor, B. (2002). Routine and strategic maintenance efforts: Behavioral patterns, variations associated with relational length, and the prediction of relational characteristics. Communication Monographs, 69(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750216533.
Dainton, M., Stafford, L., & Canary, D. J. (1994). Maintenance strategies and physical affection as predictors of love, liking, and satisfaction in marriage. Communication Reports, 7(2), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934219409367591.
Dainton, M., & Zelley, E. D. (2006). Social exchange theories: Interdependence and equity. In D. O. Braithwaite & L. A. Baxter (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication: Multiple perspectives (pp. 243–259). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Duck, S. (1988). Relating to others. Chicago: Dorsey Press.
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Fincham, F. D., Rogge, R., & Beach, S. R. H. (2018). Relationship satisfaction. In A. L. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (p. 422–436). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316417867.033.
Floyd, F. J., & Wasner, G. H. (1994). Social exchange, equity, and commitment Structural equation modeling of dating relationships. Journal of Family. Psychology, 8(1), 55–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.8.1.55.
Gordon, A. M., Impett, E. A., Kogan, A., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. (2012). To have and to hold: Gratitude promotes relationship maintenance in intimate bonds. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(2), 257–274. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028723.
Gordon, C. L., & Baucom, D. H. (2009). Examining the individual within marriage: Personal strengths and relationship satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 16(3), 421–435. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01231.x.
Gurbuz, S., Costigan, R., & Teke, K. (2018). Does being positive work in a Mediterranean collectivist culture? Relationship of core self-evaluations to job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and commitment. Current Psychology, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9923-6.
Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. (2011). Equity theory in close relationships. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 200–217). London: Glyph International.
Hatfield, E., Traupmann, J., Sprecher, S., Utne, M., & Hay, J. (1985). Equity and intimate relations: Recent research. In D. W. Ickes (Ed.), Compatible and incompatible relationships (pp. 91–117). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Hawkins, A. J., Marshall, C. M., & Allen, S. M. (1998). The orientation toward domestic labor questionnaire: Exploring dual-earner wives’ sense of fairness about family work. Journal of Family Psychology, 12(2), 244–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.12.2.244.
Hendrick, S. S. (1981). Self-disclosure and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(6), 1150–1159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.40.6.1150.
Hendrick, S. S. (1988). A generic measure of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 50(1), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.2307/352430.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
IBM Corp. Released in. (2013). IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 22.0. Armonk: IBM Corp.
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, cultural change, and democracy: The human development sequence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Jackson, D. (2010). Equity, maintenance behaviors, and relational satisfaction in distressed partners (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Arizona: Arizona State University.
Joel, S., Gordon, A. M., Impett, E. A., MacDonald, G., & Keltner, D. (2013). The things you do for me perceptions of a romantic partner’s investments promote gratitude and commitment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(10), 1333–1345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213497801.
Johnson, S. L. (2009). Individual and interdependent analyses of relational maintenance, sexual communication, and marital quality (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Arizona: Arizona State University.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
Kagitcibasi, C. (1997). Individualism and collectivism. In J. W. Berry, M. H. Segall, & C. Kagitcibasi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, Social behavior and applications (Vol. 3, pp. 1–49). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
Kollock, P., Blumstein, P., & Schwartz, P. (1994). The judgment of equity in intimate relationships. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57(4), 340–351. https://doi.org/10.2307/2787160.
Kubacka, K. E., Finkenauer, C., Rusbult, C. E., & Keijsers, L. (2011). Maintaining close relationships: Gratitude as a motivator and a detector of maintenance behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(10), 1362–1375. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211412196.
Lambert, N. M., & Fincham, F. D. (2011). Expressing gratitude to a partner leads to more relationship maintenance behavior. Emotion, 11(1), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021557.
Lavee, Y., & Katz, R. (2002). Division of labor, perceived fairness, and marital quality: The effect of gender ideology. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580391.
Lee, E. (2006). Relationship maintenance behaviors in marital couples (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Claremont: Claremont Graduate University.
McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.249.
Ogolsky, B. G., Monk, J. K., Rice, T. M., Theisen, J. C., & Maniotes, C. R. (2017). Relationship maintenance: A review of research on romantic relationships. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 9, 275–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12205.
Ogolsky, B. G., & Bowers, J. R. (2013). A meta-analytic review of relationship maintenance and its correlates. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), 343–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512463338.
Powell, L. A. (2005). Justice judgments as complex psychocultural constructions: An equity-based heuristic for mapping two- and three-dimensional fairness representations in perceptual space. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(1), 48–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022104271426.
Prager, K. J., & Roberts, L. J. (2004). Deep intimate connection: Self and intimacy in couple relationships. In D. J. Mashek & A. Aron (Eds.), Handbook of closeness and intimacy (pp. 43–60). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Rehman, U. S., & Holtzworth-Munroe, A. (2007). A cross-cultural examination of the relation of marital communication behavior to marital satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(4), 759–763. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.
Rosenfeld, L. B., & Bowen, G. L. (1991). Marital disclosure and marital satisfaction: Direct effect versus interaction-effect models. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 55(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570319109374371.
Ross, J. M., Karney, B. R., Nguyen, T. P., & Bradbury, T. N. (2019). Communication that is maladaptive for middle-class couples is adaptive for socioeconomically disadvantaged couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116(4), 582–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000158.
Sabatelli, R. M., & Cecil-Pigo, E. F. (1985). Relational interdependence and commitment in marriage. Journal of Marriage and Family, 47(4), 931–937. https://doi.org/10.2307/352336.
Sanchez, M., Haynes, A., Parada, J, C., & Demir, M. (2018). Friendship maintenance mediates the relationship between compassion for others and happiness. Current Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9779-1
Satıcı, S. A., Uysal, R., & Akın, A. (2014). Forgiveness and vengeance: The mediating role of gratitude. Psychological Reports, 114(1), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.09.PR0.114k11w9.
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors on covariance structure analysis. In A. Von Eye & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent variables analysis: Applications for developmental research (pp. 399–419). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Schramm, D. G., Marshall, J. P., Harris, V. W., & Lee, T. R. (2005). After “I do”: The newlywed transition. Marriage & Family Review, 38(1), 45–67. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v38n01_05.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Sprecher, S. (1992). Social exchange perspectives on the dissolution of close relationships. In T. L. Orbuch (Ed.), Close relationship loss (pp. 47–66). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Sprecher, S., & Schwartz, P. (1994). Equity and balance in the exchange of contributions in close relationships. In M. J. Lerner & G. Mikula (Eds.), Entitlement and the affectional bond (pp. 11–41). New York: Plenum.
Stafford, L. (2003). Maintaining romantic relationships: Summary and analysis of one research program. In D. J. Canary & M. Dainton (Eds.), Maintaining relationships through communication: Relational, contextual, and cultural variations (pp. 51–77). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Stafford, L. (2011). Measuring relationship maintenance behaviors: Critique and development of the revised relationship maintenance behavior scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(2), 278–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510378125.
Stafford, L., & Canary, D. J. (1991). Maintenance strategies and romantic relationship type, gender, and relational characteristics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8(2), 217–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407591082004.
Stafford, L., & Canary, D. J. (2006). Equity and interdependence as predictors of relational maintenance strategies. Journal of Family Communication, 6(4), 227–254. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327698jfc0604_1.
Stafford, L., Dainton, M., & Haas, S. (2000). Measuring routine and strategic relational maintenance: Scale revision, sex versus gender roles, and the prediction of relational characteristics. Communication Monographs, 67(3), 306–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750009376512.
Sunar, D., & Fişek, G. O. (2005). Contemporary Turkish families. In J. L. Roopnarine & U. P. Gielen (Eds.), Families in global perspective (pp. 169–183). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Tabachnick, B, G., & Fidell, L, S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. (6th ed.) Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.
Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. New York: Wiley.
Torun, C. (2005). Relationship Maintenance Strategies and Marital Satisfaction among Turkish Couples (Unpublished master’s thesis). İstanbul: Boğaziçi University.
Young, V. J., & Curran, M. A. (2016). Intimacy behaviors and relationship satisfaction for cohabitors: Intimate sacrifices are not always beneficial. The Journal of Psychology, 150(6), 779–792. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2016.1187110.
Yum, Y., & Canary, D. J. (2009). Cultural differences in equity theory predictions of relational maintenance strategies. Human Communication Research, 35(3), 384–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01356.x.
Yum, Y., & Li, H. Z. (2007). Associations among attachment style, maintenance strategies, and relational quality across cultures. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 36(2), 71–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475750701478612.
Ward, P. J., Lundberg, N. R., Zabriskie, R. B., & Berrett, K. (2009). Measuring marital satisfaction: A comparison of the revised dyadic adjustment scale and the satisfaction with married life scale. Marriage & Family Review, 45(4), 412–429.
Weigel, D. J., Bennett, K. K., & Ballard-Reisch, D. S. (2006). Influence strategies in marriage: Self and partner links between equity, strategy use, and marital satisfaction and commitment. Journal of Family Communication, 6(1), 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327698jfc0601_5.
Williamson, H. C., Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (2013). Financial strain and stressful events predict newlyweds’ negative communication independent of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(1), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031104.
Yum, Y., Canary, D. J., & Baptist, J. (2015). The roles of culture and fairness in maintaining relationships: A comparison of romantic partners from Malaysia, Singapore, and the United States. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 44, 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.12.003
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This study is part of the first author’s Ph.D dissertation submitted to the Department of Educational Sciences, Middle East Technical University under the supervision of the second author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kayabol, N.B.A., Sümer, Z.H. How to maintain a marriage: Maintenance behaviors, equity, and appreciation in understanding marital satisfaction+. Curr Psychol 41, 5781–5794 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00905-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00905-y