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Evaluating symptom endorsement typographies of trauma-exposed veterans on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI): A latent profile analysis

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Abstract

Research on symptom endorsement patterns in those with trauma exposure frequently emphasizes presentation subtypes. Most frequently, internalizing, externalizing, and dissociative symptom clusters are identified; however, evidence for the emergence of disorder subtypes is not always consistent. To expand its clinical utility, this study examines symptom endorsement subtypes on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) within a sample of trauma exposed individuals. Specifically, a series of latent profile analyses (LPA) were conducted on 376 U.S. military veterans evaluated while seeking outpatient treatment for PTSD within the Veteran Affairs system. Results from these analyses identify two primary findings. First, the observed class models support the notion that the PAI clinical scales are a useful aid in detecting broad patterns of distress common to those with trauma exposure (e.g., depression, suicidal thoughts, avoidant behaviors, etc.). Second, the PAI did not demonstrate distinct response styles consistent with the theoretically and empirically supported diagnostic subtypes. Implications for research with, and the clinical use of, the PAI in veterans and those with trauma-associated symptoms are discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychological Science, Texas Tech University, 2810 18th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA

    Paul B. Ingram

  2. Colmery O’Neil Medical Center, Eastern Kansas Veteran Healthcare System, 2200 SW Gage Blvd, Topeka, Kansas, 66622, USA

    Paul B. Ingram, Jim D. Sharpnack & Noah J. Mosier

  3. Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

    Brittney L. Golden

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This study was conducted on an anonymous retrospective database and thus it was not feasible to collect consent from participants for inclusion within this study. It is assumed that consent was obtained during the provision of clinical services as this is consistent with the standards of care at Veteran Affairs where services were provided.

Conflict of Interests

This research is the result of work supported with resources and the use of VA facilities where two authors of this paper are employed. AUTHOR receives research funding from Pearson Clinical Assessments and the University of Minnesota Press. The authors declare no other potential conflicts of interests. The views presented in this paper do not represent those of the US Government of Department of Veteran Affairs.

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Ingram, P.B., Sharpnack, J.D., Mosier, N.J. et al. Evaluating symptom endorsement typographies of trauma-exposed veterans on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI): A latent profile analysis. Curr Psychol 40, 5267–5277 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00486-5

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